Analysis of L'oreal advertisement campaign Assignment

Analysis of L'oreal advertisement campaign - Assignment Example The primary target market of L’Oreal products is the females all over the world who wants to look good and beautiful. The company offers several product ranges and communicate the same message through all mediums. In reference to the analysis of the advertisements, recent advertisement campaign of the ‘Elvive’ staring Cheryl Cole. For this purpose different print advertisements along with the storyboard or screenshots of the television advertisements have been explored and investigated on the criteria of different consumer behaviour models and theories. ANALAYSIS OF THE ADVERTISEMENT OF L’OREAL: L’Oreal has been using the same method or technique of attracting customers through all their advertisements. Company has Most of the common methods used by the company for promoting their brands to the target market are: 1. celebrity endorsement 2. creating beauty appeal 3. communicating benefit 4. supporting this benefit with a scientific claim 5. iconograp hy Celebrity Endorsement: Celebrity endorsement is used by the company in order to directly influence the purchase decision making process of the customers. It is a general perception that consumers tend to believe the message conveyed through some popular or famous personality. This technique is used by L’Oreal in order to effect the phase of evaluating different alternatives and making the final decision. Celebrity Endorsement is used by the company as a surrogate indicator. Surrogate indicator is one which is used by the consumers in order to analyse and interpret the level of quality of the product (Neal, Quester, & Hawkins, 2004). Creating Beauty Appeal: Being a cosmetic company and dealing beauty related products, L’Oreal has always focused on creating a... This "Analysis of L'oreal advertisement campaign" essay outlines L'oreal's primary target market and its technique of attracting customers. Celebrity endorsement is used by the company in order to directly influence the purchase decision making process of the customers. It is a general perception that consumers tend to believe the message conveyed through some popular or famous personality. This technique is used by L’Oreal in order to effect the phase of evaluating different alternatives and making the final decision. Celebrity Endorsement is used by the company as a surrogate indicator. Surrogate indicator is one which is used by the consumers in order to analyse and interpret the level of quality of the product . Being a cosmetic company and dealing beauty related products, L’Oreal has always focused on creating a beauty appeal in all its advertisements. Advertisements of the company are based on the perception that the products offered by L’Oreal can make the person beautiful like the celebrity in the advertisement. In this way L’Oreal tries to cater to the social needs of the consumers including the need of belongingness. L’Oreal is aware of the fact that one of the most important elements of a successful advertisements is that it communicates the benefit to the target consumers. In this way the company is able to create positive perception in the mind of the consumers about the product being advertised. L’Oreal advertisements communicate the promises about the benefits and attributes which are important for the customers.

HR Performance Issues and Motivation Research Paper

HR Performance Issues and Motivation - Research Paper Example Motivation is also said to have a persistence dimension which is concerned with the maintainability of efforts by individuals for a considerable period of time. Intensity is considered as the main element from the motivational perspective. This is what people indicate when they talk about motivation. However, high intensity is not considered as the only important factor from the view point of motivation. In this regard, it can be said that the intensity as well as the quality of effort goes a long way in determining the right kind of efforts that are consistent with the goals of an organization. The maintainability of right kind of efforts by individuals for a considerable period of time is also an important factor from motivational perspective (Long, 2012). Individuals who are considered as motivated stay involved with their tasks for a considerable period of time to achieve their goals. Research methodology can be categorized into two parts, such as qualitative research methodology and quantitative research methodology. Generally qualitative research methodology used to deal with inner feelings, emotions, attitudes, gestures, thoughts and behaviors of people towards the research topic. On the other hand, quantitative research objective used to deal with the analysis and evaluation of sourced and gathered data and information. This particular research work is exploratory in nature in which the feelings, opinions, thoughts, behaviors and attitudes of people can be considered as the source of data and information. On the other hand, qualitative research deals with the feelings, emotion, views and thoughts of people. Therefore, it can be stated that the adoption and implementation of qualitative research will be effective in this research due to the exploratory nature of the study. It is a fact that the qualitative research methodology focuses on describing the system or the process of defining and measuring several important

Talibinization And The Security Threat For Pakistan Politics Essay

Talibinization And The Security Threat For Pakistan Politics Essay A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995 and in 1996 took Kabul and set up an Islamic state. The Taliban were overthrown by US-led forces and Afghan groups in 2001 following the events of September 11  [1]  . In generic terms, the word Taliban is derived from Talib (a student) which means the one who seeks for knowledge. According to Pashto language, Taliban generally denotes the students who are studying in deeni (religious) madrassas. The term Talibanization generally used to be perceived as a process being implemented at the religious centers in terms of imparting religious education to students (Taliban)  [2]  . The modern kingdom of Afghanistan was founded in 1747.  [3]  It was Great Britain and Russia who, in 1893, agreed, between themselves, that the river Oxus should be the northern frontier of Afghanistan. In 1893 the Durand Line was established by Sir Mortimer Durand to demarcate boundaries between Russia and British Empire.  [4]  The Talibans are considered as Islamic extremist students, who believe in rigid values of Islam and have firm belief on Quran and Sunnah. Taliban prefer the implementation of Shariat law in Islamic countries and make stress to lead life according to the teaching of Islam. During their rule ethnic and Islamic minorities were cleansed and development was all but ceased as the youth were turned out of secular education to memorize the Quran and female forced out of public life altogether.  [5]   Talibans tradition mentioned their creation as a reaction of the injustice that was practice during the mujahedeen era of Afghan politics. The high degree of social injustice with women was seen in Afghanistan. At some point it is assumed Pakistans Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) came to notice villages Mullah and his rag-tag bunch of Islamic student/fighters (Taliban) began go land support  [6]  . The danger to the Taliban is that the Pashtun centrist may be acquiescent to cooperation in a new Afghanistan, and that the jihadist with a more global view may be marginalized into criminals and simple terrorists. Talibinization refers to the political and social process following or imitating the political system, religious laws and life style of Taliban. The process of Talibanization in tribal areas was gradual and they were successful in establishing parallel justice and administrative systems. Taliban leaders statements suggested that their agenda was to enforce their system not only in FATA or NWFP but all over the country. The Taliban matured into a full-fledged insurgent movement within four to five years.  [7]  The short-term objective of the Taliban was to initiate a Taliban insurgency in Pakistan and a counterinsurgency in Afghanistan for the US-led occupation forces through jihad and to enforce a new social, political and economic order based on their ideology or interpretation of Islam. Immediately after 9/11, the United Nation responds to the emerging situation and builds a consensus to fight against the religious militants. In 2001 Afghan War established against Taliban and A l Qaida. During this war the US was backed by large number of states and was given the right to take action under UN Charter, Chapter 7, Article 51 which recognizes the inherit right of individual or collective self defense if an arm attack occur.  [8]   Pakistan strategically linked with Afghanistan. Pakistan is bordered by Afghanistan in west and India in east. Since the late 1970s Afghanistan has suffered brutal civil war in addition to foreign interventions in the form of the 1979 Soviet invasion and the 2001 U.S. invasion. When we see Pakistans security dilemma, it is necessary to analyze the Afghanistan complex situation, the resistance movement, afghan civil war, afghan refugee problem, Talibanization, and then evaluate the security situation.  [9]   Pakistan is a Muslim religion with weapon and has a long rival potential enemy with India since 1947. Pakistan is the front line state of American anti-terror war and important Muslim country Pakistan had many aspects to study. Strategically it had been noted that Afghanistan and Pakistan are two nations which have the most strategic impact on the current anti terror war. The notion of Talibinization not only combines the two nations together in real politics but also helps us understand the political and social development in the North Western border of Pakistan. The Pakistan sided tribal areas are natural home for Taliban. The could not only grab political power in Afghanistan and increase their own impact, but also have a large number of support from radical religious student and can be protected by tribal elders and the mosques while the government of US, Pakistan and Afghanistan could do nothing at all. Talibinization in tribal area of Pakistan can figure deeply down to the comp licated ethnic and religious conflicts and the relationships between federal and local governments within border and shows the internal reasons why the anti terror wars have had little effect in Afghanistan. It would also offer a reference for the China-Pakistan relationship. The Talbinization is not limited to the tribal areas of the FATA. Since 2006, it spread deeper towards north of Pakistan. We have also seen the incident of Lal Masjid took place in Islamabad in July 2007 shows that Taliban is trying to enter the heart of the city. After 2007, the government has sent more than ten thousand soldiers to Swat Region; Pakistan Military has killed more than 130, while the local resident suffered no small loss. The Lal Masjid event shows the end of alliances between military and mullahs since the 1980s. Lal Masjid has played two roles in promoting national policies First one is to organize the mujahedeen to resist the soviet invasion in Afghanistan and launch attack against India. Sec ond one is to support the Saudi funded Sunni Islamists against the Iranian backed Shiite groups in sectarian conflicts. In 2008 the impact of Islamic militant was spreading in most parts of Pakistan. Undoubtedly the Talibanization is not only the unique political and social phenomenon in FATA, but also a major issue for the whole Pakistan.  [10]  Pakistan is today facing four dangerous allegations and one of them is that we are being responsible for giving rise to terrorism in Afghanistan from our tribal areas. Moreover, a new generation of militant is comprised of battle-hardened jihadis with fewer allegiances to religious and tribal leaders and customs. One western press report called Pakistans Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA) the most ungoverned, combustible region in the world, and an unrelenting surge in Islamist-related violence in Pakistan has some observer fearing a total collapse of the Pakistani state  [11]  . The so-called Pakistani Taliban and Pakistan i-based al-Qaeda has emerged in Pakistan since 2004. Initially, the Talibanization gathered in the North and South Waziristan area, and later spread to Bajur area in the northern part of FATA. Pakistani Taliban forces are also constantly growing and expanding in agencies such as Momand, Aurakzai and Kurram etc, which were relatively stable areas before. Suicide bombing within Pakistan has increased in 2008. CID Director Hayden said in March 2008 that the situation on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border presents a clear and present danger to Afghanistan, to Pakistan, and to the West in general, and the United State in particular. He agreed with other US top officials who believe that possible future terrorist attack on the US homeland likely would be originate from that region  [12]  . Moreover, frustration is developing in the region regarding the extended presence of foreign troops in Afghanistan. While we witness an increase in drone attacks inside the tribal areas and the social control of Taliban is expanding with the passing of each new day. Another main reason is that the democratic government, political parties and civil societies have yet to come out of the shock the Musharaf regime had imposed. At that time Pak Army is fighting in tribal areas against Taliban. Except navy all departments of armed forces are being utilized in this war. Pakistan faces double-edged media propaganda, internally as well as externally. The popular national press is very critical of Pakistans counterinsurgency collaboration with the US and the West. And the international press is doubtful about Islamabads operational efforts. The national and international media are oversimplifying the complex nature of the insurgency and its regional dimensions. This is fueling misperceptions among the international community about the issue and hurts Pakistans diplomatic efforts to find a comprehensive solution. Statement of Problem: The rise of Talibanization had created a great threat to the security of Pakistan. Significance of Studies The Issue of security causes a widening gape between the developed and developing countries. The importance of this study is that currently Pakistan is facing a great security threat from Taliban and after 9/11 it is a front line state against terrorism. Today the Taliban and al Qaeda insurgencies are equally active in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Severe threats are faced by Pakistan in the past era due to its border with Afghanistan. And Pakistans participation in 1989 during Soviet invasion in Afghanistan had spread Talibanization in Pakistan. This study tells that how the Talibanization concept had started and emerged in Pakistan in past eras due to the past blunders and how Pakistan had to face severe damage after 9/11. The United States claimed that FATA and some adjoining areas were serving as a safe haven for Al-Qaeda leadership and command and control of this leadership provide a source of reinforcement for the Taliban who crossed into Afghanistan to attack the American-led coal ition forces, including ISAF and NATO. Al Qaida had got firm grip over Pakistan territory and created a danger situation in the region. Pakistans security threat and perception can easily be understood by this study. This study enables one to understand the pattern of Talibanization in Pakistan clearly and focuses on the security related domestic threats and problems confronted by Pakistan. So the research study will identify the security problem in Pakistan caused by talibanization. Hypothesis: Talibanization is adversely affecting the security of Pakistan. Dependent Variable: Talibanization Independent Variable: Security of Pakistan Literature Review: Talibanization in the tribal area of Pakistan taken from Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) Vol 1.4 No1, 2010 by Wang Lian, Institute of IR, Peking University. It tells that how corrupt government and political structure had led to spread of talibanization in Pakistan. It tells that talibanization is an extremist, armed violence and mass participation which will seriously affect the political stability in Pakistan and is a great challenge. Aryana Institute for Regional Research Advocacy AIRRA. Emerging scenario of talibanization in the region: is there to be a spring offensive? AIRRA Special Edition/Analytical Report by Khadim Hussain and Mohammad Arif. In the article the author tells about how talibanization emerges in the region and what consequences in the region are. It urges all the state holders to cooperate in elimination of terrorism. An overview of Domestic Threats. Constraints to Pakistans Security written by Mubeen Adnan tell about the domestic security challenges and threats which Pakistan is facing. The paper generally focuses on the security related domestic threats and problems confronted by Pakistan. Tracing the domestic dynamics of the threats/constraints confronted, the paper examines the consequential repercussions for the security of Pakistan. To eliminate these threats Pakistan needs development in political social as well as in economical fields. CRS Report for Congress: Islamist Militancy in the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Region and U.S. Policy November 21, 2008 by K. Alan Kronstadt (Specialist in South Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division) and Kenneth Katzman (Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs Defense, and Trade Division). In this article security threat for Pakistan from Afghanistan is discussed as well as US policy any some measures are also discussed. It also discusses the militant activities increasing in western Pakistan. A Break from The Past: Trends in Pakistans Security Policy After 9/11, Shabana Fayyaz; SASSU Research Paper No. 2, August 2005.in this article writer discusses the reason that why Pakistan ally itself with America after 9/11 and what were the policy changes of Pakistan, major disputes which effects the security of Pakistan as well. It also discusses some aspects of Pakistans foreign policy changing trends during 9/11 and the role of leadership as well. How leader changes their vision for policy making is also presented in this journal. Relevance of Study: This study tells about the rise of Taliban which causes security threat for Pakistan. In this research proposal it is critically examined that due to sharing same border with Afghanistan and entering of Taliban in tribal areas of Pakistan, the Pakistans western borders were active in fomenting trouble inside Pakistani territory. The Taliban have reacted by resorting to suicide bombings that have rendered military personnel, defense installations and public places unsafe. The investigations into various incidents of the suicide bombing have revealed that, along with FATA and NWFP, the southern Punjab has become the breeding ground of suicide bombers. The process of Talibanization is likely to get strengthened if the random use of force by the Pakistani troops continues. The killing of innocent people, including women and children, is fast estranging the Pashtoon population from the state. While foreign troops are fighting revolts in this area, people are able to cross the border into Afghanistan from tribal areas of Pakistan. There are a lot of Kashmiri-based resistance organizations that have links with the Taliban in Afghanistan. These organizations include Lashkar e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad, and these have been added to the U.S State Department list of terrorist groups. NATO and U.S officials have increased their pressure on Pakistan to do more in the war against al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Missile strikes in Pakistan launched by armed, unmanned American Predator Aircraft have been a notorious method in remote region of Pakistan. Such drone attacks Violate Pakistani airspace on a daily bases. War on Terror was imposed on Pakistan. Therefore without regional cooperation and constant military means the task of expelling the Taliban from power in Afghanistan could not have been achieved. Methodology: Primary sources mean that it is original article or book created by an individual or sometimes a group of people. In simple terms primary sources come firsthand from the source or person. In my research I have not used the primary source because of lack of resources. Secondary sources are sources that are written about primary sources. Secondary sources analyze, interpret, and discuss information about the primary source. Secondary Sources include journal articles, books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, reviews, newspaper articles, specific essays, etc. I have used secondary source, and have taken much of my research data and ideas from news papers articles, reviews and journals articles. Division of Chapters: Chapter 1: Talibanization, a concept and its emergence In first chapter the meaning of the term Taliban its general perception and how they emerge in the region are discussed briefly. It focuses on the main issues which created social injustice between common people and the intervention of different states in internal matters of Afghanistan, which give a way to Rise of Taliban in the region. It is also discussed here what were the mission of Taliban and how they imposed law and order in the region during their rule. Chapter 2: Talibanization in Pakistan In chapter 2 it is briefly described that how Pakistan is strategically linked with Afghanistan and how this link create destability in Pakistan. The coalition between Pakistan and United State After major event of 9/11 in War against terrorism and at the result of this coalition emergence of Talibanization in the tribal areas of Pakistan is also the main theme of this chapter. Chapter 3: Talibanization in Pakistan created Security threat for Pakistan In this chapter internal and external security threats that Pakistan is facing today due to talibanization is discussed. It also focuses on that Talibanization has spread more and more into the tribal area of Pakistan and is mainly represented as an extremist, armed violence and mass participation, which will seriously affect the political stability and security in Pakistan Chapter 4: Conclusion The main security threat which Pakistan faced from emergence of Taliban to onward is the main frame of this chapter. Conclusion To sum up, it is obvious that talibanization in Afghanistan and in tribal areas of Pakistan appears to be enduring and threaten the territorial integrity of the Pakistani state. From the time of Taliban emergence in Pakistan to onward they began to warm up their muscle in areas which affects Pakistan internally as well. Suicide bombing in major cities of Pakistan, attacks on security and intelligence officers, Swat operation, and incident of Lal Masjid are the major events that affect the Pakistans national integrity. At the same time, the violation of Pakistani airspace by the US drones in search of militant hideouts and missile attacks on suspected targets became more frequent. The military action in the Pashtoon areas has reduced our once proud national army to the position of Para-military operating against its own people and that suits others more than Pakistans own State Interest. It is not only a risk for Pakistans strategic interests but many regional and global powers also w ant to secure their interests in this area. In the whole country there is security high alert against any act of terrorism. When will this war end this is unpredictable now.

The Theory and Testing of the Reconceptualization of General and Specif

The Theory and Testing of the Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the May 1993 issue of the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, the introduction of the reconceptualized deterrence theory was presented, explaining that general and specific deterrence are both functions of crime. Mark C. Stafford, an Associate Professor of Sociology and Associate Rural Sociologist at Washington State University, and Mark Warr, an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Texas in Austin, introduced this theory. They argued that there is no reason to have multiple theories for general and specific deterrence. Rather, a single theory is possible that centers on indirect experience with legal punishment and punishment avoidance and direct experience with legal punishment and avoidance.1 General deterrence includes the knowledge of criminal acts performed by others and the consequences or absence of consequences from the activity. Specific deterrence relies upon personal experience of punishment and the avoidance of punishment for a criminal activity previously committed. Both Stafford and Warr theorized that people are exposed to both types of deterrents, with some people exposed to more of one type than the other. In addition both general and specific deterrence effects may coincide with each other and act as reinforcement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the May 1995 issue of the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency a preliminary test was conducted on Stafford and Warr’s deterrence theory. Raymond Paternoster and Alex Piquero, both professors in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland, attempted to elaborate on Stafford and Warr’s original findings. They, Paternoster and Piquero, argued that although they could find some support for the basic features of the deterrence theory, there was still a significant component that Paternoster and Piquero could not address. Without being able to measure the consequences of the illegal behavior of their respondents’ peers, they could not separate the effects of indirect punishment avoidance from indirect punishment.2 Furthermore, they claimed that the personal experience of punishment had a definite role in substance abuse, as well as leading to additional criminal activities because of formal sanctions.   &nbs... ...eory. Though further testing needs to establish if this theory is correct, it will provide a single theory for deterrence, eliminating the possibility of accidentally excluding essential issues, and provide more resources to those trying to distinguish between deterrence and defiance. 1 Mark Stafford and Mark Warr, â€Å"A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence,† Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30 (1993): 133. 2 Raymond Paternoster and Alex Piquero, â€Å"Reconceptualizing Deterrence: An Empirical Test of Personal and Vicarious Experiences,† Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 32 (1995): 281. 3 Stafford and Warr 123. 4 R.F. Meier and W.T. Johnson, â€Å"Deterrence as a Social Control: The Legal and Extra Legal Production of Conformity,† American Sociological Review 42 (1977): 294-95. 5 Stafford and Warr 125. 6 Stafford and Warr 126. 7 Stafford and Warr 128. 8 Stafford and Warr 128. 9 Stafford and Warr 133. 10 Paternoster and Piquero 261. 11 Paternoster and Piquero 263. 12 Paternoster and Piquero 263. 13 Paternoster and Piquero 264. 14 Paternoster and Piquero 284. 15 Paternoster and Piquero 272. 16 Paternoster and Piquero 278. 17 Paternoster and Piquero 276.

Marketing the Church

Christianity in the twenty-second century when put side by side with its first century counterpart employing the aid of history will help clearly expose any discrepancies and similarities of problems each generation encountered. People utilize euphemisms in place of very weighty terminologies to describe and attribute the state of affairs; for instance issues in place of problems. It is understandable though the rationale for such changes despite the subtleties they may entail concerning definitions and descriptions. Today, Christians are facing myriad problems especially where the objective faith has to be reckoned with. This body of doctrine had broken through centuries of conflict, persecutions and changes, and still the Bible continued to deliver the message.The message is still the same, however, despite various attempts that were made to dilute, twist and suit to self-centered people’s own thinking and vested interests. The issues as they are commonly termed today, inclu de anything not just to disparage simple believing Christians and the practice of their faith; issues embrace those that had continued to conflict traditional men’s thinking and the usual rationalistic and humanistic viewpoints of life, not to mention those presuppositions that keep the truths of Scripture from sinking deep into the recesses of a person’s mind as well as superstitious beliefs (e.g., â€Å"divination† and the like) that are just so fantastic anybody would wonder why this is happening to some poor souls (de Waay 2007).In much of the controversies facing the church today, nothing is more prevalent and has so affected significant influence to the church at large as the â€Å"marketing-the-church† approach. The reason or the key to why it is so influential among many churches is in its pragmatic method on doing church business. Gary E. Gilley has captured the gist of the whole scheme of this â€Å"new paradigm shift† that has drawn many to adapt its strategies in his four-part report critique of this kind of church’s strategy (Gilley p 2 2000).He observed that because the large segment of the church has become content with its so little impact on the large mass of people in society, some of its leaders began to think that it might be because the church is not doing its work right. It might be that many of those occupying leadership positions in the church are simply continuing what has been passed on to them. They are doing it in the traditional way that past generations of pastors had done it. So these leaders decided to â€Å"strategize† and think of new ways to repackage the church so that it would â€Å"sell fast† and effectively draw large number of the population into its sanctuaries.This simply is the idea behind marketing the church. The church has become just any other product. One just has to learn how to merchandize it like a skillful salesperson or a good businessman. â€Å"There must be a better way,† the church growth gurus have surmised. â€Å"It should not continue the way it is being done.† There must be ways to improve the â€Å"quality† of the church’s appearance to the watching world. The obvious need of the day was new techniques to reach the lost. The gospel must be wrapped in a wrapping that will catch the attention of the world so they will bother to check what’s in the inside. The gospel, according to the observation of these church growth gurus, is rejected outrightly the moment it is sensed by prospective converts. The gospel is not the problem, it is the outdated form that it is being presented that has become the problem (Gilley p 15 2000).The Power of God for SalvationWhat needs to be remembered at this point is the fact that the New Testament has made it very clear that the only tool that God is using for the conversion of people is the gospel. Church workers must be convinced of its inherent power to conv ict and draw people to the Lord. It does not need any coating so people will get attracted to it. On the other hand, contrary to what church growth consultants advocate (to repackage or add other elements to the gospel so it will become acceptable to its market), whenever the message of the cross (gospel) is mixed with humanistic opinions and philosophies, the Word of God is rendered void of its power (1 Cor.1:17). What is worse in this kind of approach is that it falls under the category of â€Å"handling the word of God deceitfully† (2 Cor.4:2).If there is anything that the church must do at this point in time, it is not to adapt new ways to present the gospel but to educate its people about the content of the gospel and its sufficiency in administering salvation. This is the real need of the church that has not been dealt with seriously by the great majority of Christians. The reason why the paradigm shift is deemed as the only solution for the inefficacy of the church in reaching its community is actually because a significant number so-called Christians are ignorant of what the gospel consists of. Apostle Paul said, â€Å"it is the power of God to salvation for everyone who believes† (NKJV, 1982).The Bible has already forewarned us of the negative impressions people would have of the gospel message. It is â€Å"foolishness† and a â€Å"stumbling block† to people who could not apprehend it. The good news however is that it is effective and will definitely work positively to those who ready to accept it. Thus, sticking to its purity will always guarantee a result. It may not be as massive as the church’s marketer’s strategies but its fruit is genuine conversion of those who really have grasped and accept its terms (Gilley p 17 2000).ConclusionTo learn to market the church and to strategize as to secure a substantial number of attendance in a church’s service may be in itself considered a success in today†™s church growth measurement. But Biblically speaking, even in Jesus’ elaboration on what it really means to be His true disciple (Luke 14:25-35), simply being among the â€Å"crowds† does not guarantee being genuinely converted to faith. Sticking to God’s prescription of the gospel as the only means to secure salvation and true harvest of souls in God’s kingdom may not be as explosive in result as the marketing approach, but its result is sure, and hence, more effective if measured by God’s standard of success.The temptation to comply with the standards of the times is always a challenge to the church of Jesus Christ. The pressure to become popular and accepted in today’s culture is still an intense battle facing Christians everyday. The question of relevance is not actually the issue. When the church buy into the ploy of the culture and coerced to measure her success allowing those outside to judge whether she is effective or not in her work, it simply means that the church has shifted from using God’s Word as the gauge to listening to surrounding discontented world. It is no longer God who has the say. Remember that, naturally, humankind in its rebellion and sin against God is hostile and antagonistic to the gospel message. It is only when it is drawn through the message of the gospel in God’s terms that it will ever get nice and pleasant to the ways of God.Of course, it is not an easy task for the people of God. It hasn’t been. The preaching of the gospel and the charge to teach people (educate them) of the teachings of Christ is the primary duty of the church. Any strategies that end up short of making people Christ’s true disciples are not effective when appraised through the aims of the Great Commission. Unfortunately, the attempts of those who want to compete and enjoin the church in the field of the corporate world are not biblically sound and too risky. The danger lies in its pot ential to compromise and invent another gospel. It is not that writer refuses to be relevant; in fact, the message of the gospel is so pertinent enough that on its proclamation hinges the solution to humanity’s real problem.What the church needs in general is to have enough faith in the effectiveness of the message of God to address man’s deepest needs and correct those inner problems which when it finally happens will automatically appease superficial cravings. The solutions offered by church marketers address the surface only. In the end, after all of the attractions of the strategies have lost their bite, the ultimate question must still be answered: Is the gospel accepted in its own terms or not?Works Cited:de Waay, Bob, Contemporary Christian Divination. 2007. â€Å"Critical Issues Commentary† Accessed December 1, 2007. < http://cicministry.org/commentary/issue83.htm>.Gilley, Gary E. â€Å"The Market-Driven Church: A look behind the scenes† Think on These Things.   September, 2000 p. 1- 20. Southern View Chapel, Springfield, IL.

“The Last War” by Katherine Gallagher Essay

Ladies and Gentlemen, my name is Tatsuya Shiihara, and today I will be presenting to you my interpretation of the poem â€Å"The Last War†, written by Australian poet, Katherine Gallagher. This poem expresses the feelings of the â€Å"winning† countries before, during and after the Second World War and the anticipation which the end of the war built. Born in 1935, in the town of Maldon, in Victoria; Gallagher went through the 2nd World War as a child, and as a result, experienced many adversities that came with it, such as fear of loved ones not coming home and rationing of food. I believe that this poem is unique in the way that it represents an important point of view on the ending of the 2nd World War, not just because it is Australian, but because it also conveys a form of acceptance and sorrow over the destruction caused by the atomic bombing on Japan. Gallagher uses many techniques, notably metaphors, to represent emotions felt by people, emphasising their despera tion when waiting for news in the line â€Å"Ears keyed to the wireless† and ‘Ghost Towns’, used to aid readers visualise the devastating situation, allowing for them to understand the ravages of the war. The final line, ‘the pit of ash beneath our tongues’, is a distinctive metaphor in that I believe it to not only represent the residue of atomic fires, but also the inescapable legacy that had been passed down, which is indisputably the objectionable usage of the devastating bomb. Symbolism also helps share Gallagher’s perspective on the war. The line â€Å"our teacher joining in† symbolises how even adults celebrated the event by having fun, something which they would not have been able to do for many years. This generates a sense of jubilance, and combined with Gallagher effectively positioning the reader as though they are actually in the situation themselves, World War 2 ended and celebrations everywhere, the reader can understand how joyous people were when the war was finally declared over. With the poem being written in first person, â€Å"we’ve won† and â€Å"The bomb entered our conversation†, Gallagher also uses personificatio n in the lines â€Å"The bomb entered our conversation, a stranger who refused to leave†, to clearly convey that the bomb is unwanted, a symbol of guilt and fear, by making it personal with the reader. Whilst this effectively reflects her personal attitudes towards the war, remorse and acceptance, the reader also starts to question their own attitude towards the war. However, it is the juxtaposition within the layers of the poem that most entices the reader’s attention. The sharp contrast between the cheerful and happy celebrations that the war was over, to the suddenly sombre tone that comes with the realisation of the deaths that were the price of war – combined with the existence of the atomic bomb which spreads fear. It effectively engineers turmoil within the reader. With no rhythm or rhyming scheme within the poem, the poem is a free-verse, following the rhythm of natural speech with no consistent meter patterns. Thus, Gallagher uses precise language and strong phrasing in order to get her point across quickly and concisely, such as the lines â€Å"Japan bombed, gigantic clouds curling, skies burnt scarlet -total destruction . . .† and â€Å"The War over .† This short, sharp rhythm is very effective as it doesn’t let the reader’s mind wander from the point, thereby successfully demanding the reader’s attention at all times. Tatsuya Shiihara English Poetry Year 11 Term 2 Semester 1 2014 1 Poem Annotation The Last War There was only one war, and it was finishing any day soon. Ears keyed to the wireless, we waited. Then the news: Japan bombed, gigantic clouds curling, skies burnt scarlet – total destruction . . . We’ve won, we’ve won, a conga-chant round the schoolground, beating tins, sticks: our teacher joining in – flags, jumbled cries – uncles and cousins coming back. The war over. Hiroshima, Nagasaki – ghost towns now. Over two hundred thousand people ghosts too. We couldn’t imagine it. The bomb entered our conversation, a stranger who refused to leave. Only years on did we become aware of the pit of ash beneath our tongues. Katherine Gallagher Taken From http://www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/gallagher-katherine/the-last-war-0646045 Comment [u1]: Symbolic – represents the anticipation that everyone had waiting to hear the news that the war had ended – therefore the suffering and death as well had ended. Comment [u2]: Symbolic – represents that this Comment [u3]: Short, sharp rhythm – gets straight to the point instead of wandering, doesn’t let reader’s mind wander from the point. Comment [u4]: Symbolic – represents that there was nearly nothing left after the explosion, everything had been decimated. Comment [u5]: Symbolic – represents the jubilance felt by those who were relieved that the war had ended, generating a sense of relief Comment [u6]: Symbolic – represents how even the adults celebrated the event by having a little fun – something they had not been able to do for many years. Comment [u7]: Symbolic- represents how separated families got back together after the war Comment [u8]: Symbolic – represents how the cities were literally empty no, with nothing at all left untouched. Comment [u9]: Symbolic – represents that how many people were lost Comment [u10]: Symbolic – represents how, in the countries that â€Å"won† after the war, as the people there could not feel the direct effects of how the war was ended (atomic bomb), and no-one could imagine it, people celebrated, instead of mourned. Comment [u11]: Juxtaposition – sharp contrast from cheerful and happy that the war was over to suddenly a sombre tone that was full of guilt and sadness. Comment [u12]: First person – generates a point of view of the poet Comment [u13]: Symbolic – represents the guilt that was felt for having to decimate over 200000 people in order to win this war and the fear because of the atomic bomb existing Comment [u14]: Personification – human nature Comment [u15]: Symbolic – represents how, only after the people of the â€Å"winning† countries realised the extent of the †¦ Comment [u16]: Metaphor – represents the never-ending guilt over the destruction caused. Comment [u17]: No rhyming pattern detected Comment [u18]: Structured to be like a story, many symbolic words and phrases. Comment [u19]: * English Poetry Analysis Commentary * Official draft’

Cheating Is Wrong Essay Example

Cheating Is Wrong Essay Example Cheating Is Wrong Essay Cheating Is Wrong Essay Wrong Cheating is wrong in many ways and is unfair to those who to achieve the grade they strive for. Also cheating students pass with the grade but not with the knowledge that the other students do, they undermine the value of knowledge. Cheating is also a betrayal of trust between the student teacher relationship, after the incident of being caught cheating the student will no longer have the teachers trust. Cheating overall is a bad habit and a disgusting trait in a student that wishes to strive for greatness. Cheating is lying it is lying to your teachers and yourself, youre a showing your teachers the depth of knowledge that isnt really there. Your teacher can not teach you if you are not showing her what you need to be taught. Cheating in all honesty does not help anyone at all, it lessens the need for you to study and actually learn something. Your creating bad habits that will cause you to go nowhere in life. If you do not get into the rhythm of studying and actually working for your results then life will only get harder from here on out. Cheating Is also wrong and unfair to the abundance of students who spend endless nights working hard for their grades whilst you decide to cheat and give yourself the grade you did not deserve. You get the convenience of dong half the work while others strive for their results like they should. Along with the dishonestly and the lack of knowledge that you are receiving from cheating It is also disrespectful and rude to your teacher ho takes the time to teach you these thing Just so you can go and cheat. It Is also breaking the trust that you once had with your teacher. Cheating Is a horrible habit and Is a nasty trait that should be put to rest.

Free Essays on Salem Witch Trails

The Salem Witch Trials What caused the Salem witch trials? This is a question that has been asked for the last three hundred years. There is no easy answer to that question. There were numerous factors and events that lead to the trials. â€Å"A recent small pox outbreak, the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Charter by Charles II and the constant fear of Indian attacks helped in creating anxiety among the Puritans and a fear that God was punishing them. This fear of punishment established a fertile atmosphere in which a case of witchcraft could easily be interpreted by the Puritans as the cause of Gods wrath† (Victims) Other factors were politics, religion, family feuds, economics, and the imagination and fears of the people. These factors brought about a climate of repression, religious intolerance, social hierarchy combined with fanaticism and oppression of women. The Puritan leaders used the trials as a way to control the community and prevent change in the strict social hierarchy. Ac cording to Woloch â€Å"historian Carol F. Karlson points out most New Englanders accused of witchcraft were middle aged or older women, who lacking brothers or sons stood to inherit. Such women impeded â€Å"the orderly transition of property from one generation to another†.† (Woloch, 30) Lets start with the political problems of Salem. The tension over land was growing fast. The residents were divided into two groups: those that wanted to separate from Salem town, and those that did not. The farming families in the Western part of Salem Village wanted to separate from Salem Town. The families located in the eastern part of Salem Village and therefore closest to Salem Town wanted to remain part of the town. (Sutter) There was much overcrowding in in New England communities. In 1632, the general court granted Governor Endicott three hundred acres of land. With subsequent land grants to others, the boundaries and borders that told the people wh... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trails Free Essays on Salem Witch Trails The Salem Witch Trials What caused the Salem witch trials? This is a question that has been asked for the last three hundred years. There is no easy answer to that question. There were numerous factors and events that lead to the trials. â€Å"A recent small pox outbreak, the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Charter by Charles II and the constant fear of Indian attacks helped in creating anxiety among the Puritans and a fear that God was punishing them. This fear of punishment established a fertile atmosphere in which a case of witchcraft could easily be interpreted by the Puritans as the cause of Gods wrath† (Victims) Other factors were politics, religion, family feuds, economics, and the imagination and fears of the people. These factors brought about a climate of repression, religious intolerance, social hierarchy combined with fanaticism and oppression of women. The Puritan leaders used the trials as a way to control the community and prevent change in the strict social hierarchy. Ac cording to Woloch â€Å"historian Carol F. Karlson points out most New Englanders accused of witchcraft were middle aged or older women, who lacking brothers or sons stood to inherit. Such women impeded â€Å"the orderly transition of property from one generation to another†.† (Woloch, 30) Lets start with the political problems of Salem. The tension over land was growing fast. The residents were divided into two groups: those that wanted to separate from Salem town, and those that did not. The farming families in the Western part of Salem Village wanted to separate from Salem Town. The families located in the eastern part of Salem Village and therefore closest to Salem Town wanted to remain part of the town. (Sutter) There was much overcrowding in in New England communities. In 1632, the general court granted Governor Endicott three hundred acres of land. With subsequent land grants to others, the boundaries and borders that told the people wh...

A Report On Effectiveness Of Ultrasound Education Essay

Title of this survey is:Effectiveness of Ultrasound ( US ) imaging in Genito-urinary system ( GUS ) for diagnostic intents: A comprehensive comparing with other modes in position of safety and handiness.Every mode has some sort of restrictions and advantages. Safety is a major issue in utilizing imaging techniques. Ultrasound is considered as one of the safest and most readily available imaging mode ( Bates, 1999 ) . However, these advantages do non warrant the undermining of the other modes, because restrictions in ultrasound can be overcome by other modes for patient directions. GUT is prone to many diseases in which some of them are life endangering ( Ref ) , patient directions require an efficient method for diagnosing. Sonography plays a great function in this respect. Some of the common GUT diseases: Infection, Glomerular disease, Diseases related to blood circulation:Atherosclerosis can do hypofunction. High blood pressure can take to mortification of the glomeruli. Metabolic disease:chronic nephritic failure, diabetes. Cysts:lone, multiple, inborn Tumors:affects kidney, ureter, vesica and urethra Renal cell carcinoma:Wilm ‘s tumor Bladder tumors Nephritic rocks and urinary piece of land obstructor Survey Purposes: Advantages and disadvantages of US imaging in GUT. Can US be the first mode of pick in GUT imagination? Study Aims: Study the usage of US imaging in GUT. Study the restriction of US imaging in GUT. Accuracy of US imaging for diagnostic intents. Cover the latest engineering in US imagination. Background Ultrasound is a sound wave that can non be heard by human ears, it uses a frequence above 20,000 Hz ( Ref ) . The moving ridges are converted by engineering to enable us to see constructions within our organic structures, which is really utile for medical intents ( Szabo, 2004 ) . Ultrasound attenuates otherwise in human organic structure depending on tissues ‘ fading coefficients, and tissues reflect wave otherwise, in which a assortment of strength and contrast images are produced. Main advantages of ultrasound compared to other modes that justify this survey are: No major known hazard Immediate diagnose or referral for farther scrutiny Readily available Short waiting clip Patient convenience Cost effectual Real clip image Non-invasive Good contrast of soft tissue Can separate between stable and traveling tissue ( Doppler consequence ) Ultrasound scrutiny in GUT has a broad scope of usage. Imaging starts from kidneys down to bladder, urethra, and venereal variety meats. Ultrasound can observe many pathologies and abnormalcies in this system without the demand for farther scrutinies. In fact, some pathology such as obstructors and tumors can be detected without intercessions, while other modes intervene such as utilizing contrast agents ( Ref ) . Other modes used in GUT X-ray utilizations ionizing radiation as the rule of bring forthing radiogram, widely used in initial GUT scrutinies for being convenience and fast with high rate of diagnostic value images ( ref ) . Computed Tomography ( CT ) Scan, uses ionizing radiation as the rule of bring forthing radiogram, widely used for farther scrutiny in GUT system. Produces high-resolution two-dimensional images ( can be reconstructed to 3-dimension ) . Very sensitive in observing different lesions, concretion, obstructor and bleeding. Main concern about utilizing CT is the high radiation dosage to the patient ( Ref ) . Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) , uses a strong magnetic field to aline H atoms in the organic structure, pulsations of wireless moving ridges sent to realine and aline H atoms, during this, H atoms let go of energy, which is detected to bring forth great contrast images peculiarly of soft tissue. MRI scan can supply definite reply to uncertain instances because of its superior soft-tissue contrast when other mode can non. The function of MRI in GUT is largely in distinguishing benign lesions from malignant if CT has contraindication to the patient ( Ref ) . Nuclear Medicine Imaging ( NMI ) , Radiopharmaceuticals administered to the patients so that the patient become radioactive, Gamma camera scan the patient and detects gamma beam emitted from the radiation and so concept images from these informations. NMI chiefly used to analyze the map in GUT system and look into the obstructors ( Ref ) . This thesis reviews literature in relation to ultrasound scrutiny in GUT system. Comparing the usage of other mode while look intoing pathology of a patient. Why in some instances ultrasound is the first pick of usage, why it is non in other instances? This paper can heighten the advantages of the scrutiny and reexamine the progresss in this engineering, these can back up patient directions and besides be used in instruction. The inquiry needs to be answered in this survey: is US effectual plenty to be the first pick scrutiny in GUT system issues? What makes it to be the first pick? What makes it non to be? The survey efforts to analyze the conditions in which US scrutiny can supply doubtless replies to indicants. All beginnings that have relevant information will be used, and the chief database hunt will be Medline, CINAHL, Psycinfo, Embase, AMED, PubMed and e-books. A Report On Effectiveness Of Ultrasound Education Essay Title of this survey is:Effectiveness of Ultrasound ( US ) imaging in Genito-urinary system ( GUS ) for diagnostic intents: A comprehensive comparing with other modes in position of safety and handiness.Every mode has some sort of restrictions and advantages. Safety is a major issue in utilizing imaging techniques. Ultrasound is considered as one of the safest and most readily available imaging mode ( Bates, 1999 ) . However, these advantages do non warrant the undermining of the other modes, because restrictions in ultrasound can be overcome by other modes for patient directions. GUT is prone to many diseases in which some of them are life endangering ( Ref ) , patient directions require an efficient method for diagnosing. Sonography plays a great function in this respect. Some of the common GUT diseases: Infection, Glomerular disease, Diseases related to blood circulation:Atherosclerosis can do hypofunction. High blood pressure can take to mortification of the glomeruli. Metabolic disease:chronic nephritic failure, diabetes. Cysts:lone, multiple, inborn Tumors:affects kidney, ureter, vesica and urethra Renal cell carcinoma:Wilm ‘s tumor Bladder tumors Nephritic rocks and urinary piece of land obstructor Survey Purposes: Advantages and disadvantages of US imaging in GUT. Can US be the first mode of pick in GUT imagination? Study Aims: Study the usage of US imaging in GUT. Study the restriction of US imaging in GUT. Accuracy of US imaging for diagnostic intents. Cover the latest engineering in US imagination. Background Ultrasound is a sound wave that can non be heard by human ears, it uses a frequence above 20,000 Hz ( Ref ) . The moving ridges are converted by engineering to enable us to see constructions within our organic structures, which is really utile for medical intents ( Szabo, 2004 ) . Ultrasound attenuates otherwise in human organic structure depending on tissues ‘ fading coefficients, and tissues reflect wave otherwise, in which a assortment of strength and contrast images are produced. Main advantages of ultrasound compared to other modes that justify this survey are: No major known hazard Immediate diagnose or referral for farther scrutiny Readily available Short waiting clip Patient convenience Cost effectual Real clip image Non-invasive Good contrast of soft tissue Can separate between stable and traveling tissue ( Doppler consequence ) Ultrasound scrutiny in GUT has a broad scope of usage. Imaging starts from kidneys down to bladder, urethra, and venereal variety meats. Ultrasound can observe many pathologies and abnormalcies in this system without the demand for farther scrutinies. In fact, some pathology such as obstructors and tumors can be detected without intercessions, while other modes intervene such as utilizing contrast agents ( Ref ) . Other modes used in GUT X-ray utilizations ionizing radiation as the rule of bring forthing radiogram, widely used in initial GUT scrutinies for being convenience and fast with high rate of diagnostic value images ( ref ) . Computed Tomography ( CT ) Scan, uses ionizing radiation as the rule of bring forthing radiogram, widely used for farther scrutiny in GUT system. Produces high-resolution two-dimensional images ( can be reconstructed to 3-dimension ) . Very sensitive in observing different lesions, concretion, obstructor and bleeding. Main concern about utilizing CT is the high radiation dosage to the patient ( Ref ) . Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) , uses a strong magnetic field to aline H atoms in the organic structure, pulsations of wireless moving ridges sent to realine and aline H atoms, during this, H atoms let go of energy, which is detected to bring forth great contrast images peculiarly of soft tissue. MRI scan can supply definite reply to uncertain instances because of its superior soft-tissue contrast when other mode can non. The function of MRI in GUT is largely in distinguishing benign lesions from malignant if CT has contraindication to the patient ( Ref ) . Nuclear Medicine Imaging ( NMI ) , Radiopharmaceuticals administered to the patients so that the patient become radioactive, Gamma camera scan the patient and detects gamma beam emitted from the radiation and so concept images from these informations. NMI chiefly used to analyze the map in GUT system and look into the obstructors ( Ref ) . This thesis reviews literature in relation to ultrasound scrutiny in GUT system. Comparing the usage of other mode while look intoing pathology of a patient. Why in some instances ultrasound is the first pick of usage, why it is non in other instances? This paper can heighten the advantages of the scrutiny and reexamine the progresss in this engineering, these can back up patient directions and besides be used in instruction. The inquiry needs to be answered in this survey: is US effectual plenty to be the first pick scrutiny in GUT system issues? What makes it to be the first pick? What makes it non to be? The survey efforts to analyze the conditions in which US scrutiny can supply doubtless replies to indicants. All beginnings that have relevant information will be used, and the chief database hunt will be Medline, CINAHL, Psycinfo, Embase, AMED, PubMed and e-books.

Jesus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jesus - Essay Example Paul certainly made a concerted effort to distance the persona of Jesus from His Jewish background, by elevating Him to a supernatural and transcendent platform. While addressing his Corinthian congregations, Paul says that "If Christ has not been raised, then our proclamation has been in vain and our faith has been in vain. If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile and you are still in your sins (1 Cor. 15:14, 17). 2. The most rampant misconception about Judaism in the academic and theological circles is that the Jewish theology and law happens to be an utterly monolithic entity that is devoid of all the versatility and elements of dissent, the attributes so essential to claim validity and social and popular acceptance in the modern world. Not only is this impression far from reality, but utterly dilutes the reality that like other valid religions, Judaism is a living, vibrating and ever evolving religion that is seriously sensitive to the needs of the times and the altering aspirations of the masses. Ample evidence pertaining to this fact exists in the Jewish religious texts. Several learned and influential sources have done their best to establish that Judaism is basically misogynistic and is peculiarly harsh to the issues and problems faced by the women in the past and the present. Many people believe that Jesus' injunctions against divorce were an attempt to safeguard the women of His times against the injustices of the Jewish laws. The fact is that prejudices rampant against women in the times of Jesus were not peculiar to Judaism only, but were a generalized phenomenon that was common to the Jewish and non-Jewish societies of those days. Hence, misogynist tendencies cannot be solely attributed to the Jews, when the Church itself has its share of prejudices against women and other marginalized segments of the society. 3. The Liberation Theology and the World Council of Churches can definitely re-fabricate their version of Christianity to be more contemporary so as to extend their scope for justice and reconciliation to incorporate a Jewish context, by accepting the Jewish background of Jesus to begin with. 4. Levin's message of interfaith dialogue seems to be in consonance with Jesus' understanding of religion as Jesus assessed the faithful by their conduct, which left ample scope for the participation of non-Christians. However, this does not hold true for Paul's understanding of religion. 5. A. A Marcionite is a person who recognizes Jesus to be the savior sent by God and regards Paul to be His chief apostle, but is intolerant of Yahweh and Hebrew Bible. B. Constantine I also known as Constantine the great was the first Roman emperor who was affiliated to Christianity. C. A Gnostic is a person who owed allegiance to a series of religions that originated in the antiquity, which had elaborate and sometimes contradictory belief systems. The Jewish mystical studies of Kabbalah owe a lot to Gnostic ideas. D. Shema stands for an affirmation of the Jewish faith and a firm belief in one God. Jews are expected to say Shema in the morning and at night.

My Experience in Moving to Los Angeles from Palestine Essay

My Experience in Moving to Los Angeles from Palestine - Essay Example It was in this context of understanding that I experienced my most embarrassing moment. During the first few weeks living in Los Angeles, I explored many parts of the city. Walking through Los Feliz in Hollywood one afternoon I was approached by a man, later revealed to be a photographer, who asked for a moment of my time.â€Å"You have a very beautiful personality and image,† he said. Taken aback I have walked away, but he quickly interjected, â€Å"I would love to have you model!† I was perplexed, as I had never envisioned myself as the model type, and after-all he had just met me, how would he even have an inkling of my personality. Still, I secretly found his invitation flattering and was intrigued at where the opportunity could lead. The following weekend I arrived at his studio. Still new to the city, entering into this unfamiliar situation compounded my generalized anxiety. I knew nothing about modelling and this soon became abundantly clear. As I walked into the studio the photographer was there. â€Å"Hi† I sheepishly said. He seemed preoccupied and instructed me to go with his assistants to an adjacent room. Everyone at the studio moved confident and efficiently as if this was industry standard. As I walked into the adjacent room I was surrounded by a group of people who measured my size and then hold up a dress. I could feel the eyes of the other people in the room staring intently at me waiting. Slowly I felt a thrust of blood shoot throughout my face, as I nervously tightened my hands into fists as if it might stabilize my embarrassment. They were going to undress me.

Macroeconomic Theory and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomic Theory and Policy - Essay Example The neoclassical economies aim at creating long term solutions for the economic problems with effects of inflation and government regulation being critical, while for Keynesian economies, immediate results form a major platform where the policies focus on short term goals(Evans & Seppo 2007, p. 89). This was a system that established rules for financial and commercial relations in mid 20th century among the major industrial states worldwide. This led to establishment of International Bank of Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund. The major features of the Bretton Woods System were obligation of every country to establish a monetary policy which maintained an exchange rate of its currency to US dollar as well as ability of IMF in bridging the temporary payment imbalances in terms of gold (Evans & Seppo 2007, p. 89). Stagflation in economics describes the situation when the rate of inflation is high leading to slow rates of economic growth and high rates of unemployment. This results when economy is stagnant increasing the rates of inflation. The situation raises economic policy dilemma as a result of exacerbation of unemployment by decreasing the rates of inflation. In version of the Keynesian macroeconomic theory dominant during the late 1970s and at the end of World War II, recession and inflation were regarded to be mutually exclusive with relationship between them described by Phillips curve. Kaldor proposed an international buffer stocks system meant to raise the prices for commodities after they become too low in order to help the developing incomes from producing and developing nations after the prices raise too high (Evans & Seppo 2007, p. 89). European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) was introduced in 1979 in UK by European Community with the aim of reducing the variability and achieving monetary stability in preparation for the Economic and Monetary Union. UK joined ERM with the aim of improving its stability in

Redbox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Redbox - Essay Example ly, the Redbox provided video games that are good sources of entertainment of children thereby relieving their parents once they are in stores and restaurants among other places (Redbox Corporate Managemen 00: 01:46). Notably, other than being initiated by the McDonald’s management, the Redbox was introduced to other retail outlets including mass retailers, grocery and convenience stores, and pharmacies among other fast food restaurants. Finally, it is worth noting that despite the Redbox not only started its operation as a movie selling store kiosk, but also majored on items including grocery items including eggs, milk, and sandwiches. However, of all the store kiosks, the DVD rental kiosks became more successful of the other grocery kiosks thereby making the company to focus on the DVD market (Redbox Corporate Managemen 00: 08:22). Notably, the same success of the DVD kiosks has made the company to be thinking of expanding the market to other regions with the immediate region in mind being

Ladies AdvoCare Organization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ladies AdvoCare Organization - Term Paper Example The human mind realizes that it was much better off as a farmer, peasant, labor, and that all the free time and the relaxed atmosphere it now has does nothing but makes his life harder. In such a situation, a capable mind thinks of making most of the resources it has, namely, the technological advancement and the free time that it brings with it. The leaders of this era take up the scientific discoveries and use them to ease the lives of their fellow men in areas that most closely affect the efficiency of the human mind. One such group of today’s leaders is AdvoCare (2012). ...After all, there are hundreds of such franchises which claim the similar benefits may be cheaper rates. How AdvoCare then stands out? Well, it distinguishes itself from others in plenty of ways. First, AdvoCare (2012) is a well-endorsed company. Some of the most eminent sportsmen and award-winning athletes of the country regard it. Not only are these people using and getting benefit out of AdvoCare produ cts but also publicly recommend it to their fans and audiences. AdvoCare’s market is expansive and caters to people from a broad array of professions. some of the fields with notable champions using AdvoCare products are sports such as baseball, basketball, bodybuilding, Football Quarterback Club, football, golf, hockey, mixed martial arts, soccer, motorsports, entertainment and numerous other world-class leaders (AdvoCare, 2012). People like â€Å"World Champion Sprinter, Veronica Campbell, Medal Bobsled Drive, Steven Holcomb, and Crossfit Champion, Mary Beth Litsheim are one of the most prominent endorsers of the company† (AdvoCare, 2012). No other famous company has this much endorsement from these many relevant celebrities who do not only recommend AdvoCare on-screen but are regular users of AdvoCare products off-screen as well. This is the prime reason why AdvoCare has an edge over other competitors. Secondly, scientists whose credibility stays unchallenged design AdvoCare products. The excellent results of AdvoCare products come from the notable professionals from spheres of nutrition, pharmacology, biology, kinesiology, and medicine  working relentlessly to design and manufacture products that best meet the demands of AdvoCare customers.

Macroeconomic Theory and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomic Theory and Policy - Essay Example The neoclassical economies aim at creating long term solutions for the economic problems with effects of inflation and government regulation being critical, while for Keynesian economies, immediate results form a major platform where the policies focus on short term goals(Evans & Seppo 2007, p. 89). This was a system that established rules for financial and commercial relations in mid 20th century among the major industrial states worldwide. This led to establishment of International Bank of Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund. The major features of the Bretton Woods System were obligation of every country to establish a monetary policy which maintained an exchange rate of its currency to US dollar as well as ability of IMF in bridging the temporary payment imbalances in terms of gold (Evans & Seppo 2007, p. 89). Stagflation in economics describes the situation when the rate of inflation is high leading to slow rates of economic growth and high rates of unemployment. This results when economy is stagnant increasing the rates of inflation. The situation raises economic policy dilemma as a result of exacerbation of unemployment by decreasing the rates of inflation. In version of the Keynesian macroeconomic theory dominant during the late 1970s and at the end of World War II, recession and inflation were regarded to be mutually exclusive with relationship between them described by Phillips curve. Kaldor proposed an international buffer stocks system meant to raise the prices for commodities after they become too low in order to help the developing incomes from producing and developing nations after the prices raise too high (Evans & Seppo 2007, p. 89). European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) was introduced in 1979 in UK by European Community with the aim of reducing the variability and achieving monetary stability in preparation for the Economic and Monetary Union. UK joined ERM with the aim of improving its stability in

Ladies AdvoCare Organization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ladies AdvoCare Organization - Term Paper Example The human mind realizes that it was much better off as a farmer, peasant, labor, and that all the free time and the relaxed atmosphere it now has does nothing but makes his life harder. In such a situation, a capable mind thinks of making most of the resources it has, namely, the technological advancement and the free time that it brings with it. The leaders of this era take up the scientific discoveries and use them to ease the lives of their fellow men in areas that most closely affect the efficiency of the human mind. One such group of today’s leaders is AdvoCare (2012). ...After all, there are hundreds of such franchises which claim the similar benefits may be cheaper rates. How AdvoCare then stands out? Well, it distinguishes itself from others in plenty of ways. First, AdvoCare (2012) is a well-endorsed company. Some of the most eminent sportsmen and award-winning athletes of the country regard it. Not only are these people using and getting benefit out of AdvoCare produ cts but also publicly recommend it to their fans and audiences. AdvoCare’s market is expansive and caters to people from a broad array of professions. some of the fields with notable champions using AdvoCare products are sports such as baseball, basketball, bodybuilding, Football Quarterback Club, football, golf, hockey, mixed martial arts, soccer, motorsports, entertainment and numerous other world-class leaders (AdvoCare, 2012). People like â€Å"World Champion Sprinter, Veronica Campbell, Medal Bobsled Drive, Steven Holcomb, and Crossfit Champion, Mary Beth Litsheim are one of the most prominent endorsers of the company† (AdvoCare, 2012). No other famous company has this much endorsement from these many relevant celebrities who do not only recommend AdvoCare on-screen but are regular users of AdvoCare products off-screen as well. This is the prime reason why AdvoCare has an edge over other competitors. Secondly, scientists whose credibility stays unchallenged design AdvoCare products. The excellent results of AdvoCare products come from the notable professionals from spheres of nutrition, pharmacology, biology, kinesiology, and medicine  working relentlessly to design and manufacture products that best meet the demands of AdvoCare customers.

The Impact of ICT in the Local Community Essay Example for Free

The Impact of ICT in the Local Community Essay Redbridge The London borough of Redbridge is located in greater London. It has a good supply of technology and transport but all of this was possible because of ICT. Without ICT there would not have been an attraction of tourism and business. It now has a wider population than it did before and by day is improving. In this assignment I shall explain a variety of technologies and the uses they brought into the community. I will evaluate the effectiveness of the ICT in meeting the needs of the community. Oyster cards Oyster cards are electronic tickets used on Transport of London and national rail services. The card contains a unique code which the computer detects once you swipe it on an oyster card surface. Oyster cards are widely used in Redbridge. They bring in more tourists and travellers to Redbridge. The oyster card contains an electronic chip which is also used in Malaysia on their Touch n go cards. The advantages of the oyster card are, it is easier to use, can hold up to three ticket products at the same time, to prevent misuse the card must be swiped in the beginning of a journey and at the end of a journey. It also can store up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 90. The disadvantage of the oyster card is that it is only available in greater London and not in any other part of Great Britain. Also some oyester cards can be stolen and can be misused. Mobile phones A mobile phone is a portable electronic device for peer-to-peer telecommunications over long distances. Mobile phones are very widespread in Redbridge and have helped people telecommunicate in times of need. Whenever there is an emergency, people dont have to go to a phone booth to call someone because they can always reach into their pocket where they shall find a mobile phone. I can Mobile phones are found entertaining as well as useful because they have games, puzzles, video calling, movies, ring tones and some of them have access to the internet. All these things can fit into a mobile phone because of the large storage capacity it has. A mobile phone is a little like an organizer because it has a calendar to remind people of important dates like a meeting or special occasion and tells time. It also has an alarm clock to wake me up in the morning The disadvantages of a mobile phone are that sometimes the network will not work properly and others will not be able to hear the caller on the other line, it also makes funny noises at times. Another problem is that the mobile phone may freeze or crash suddenly which is bad because if someone is in a bad situation, then they could be in great danger. Some times the phone does not have enough storage and will ask you to delete a few items. Mobile phones have brought great uses to the community as we can all now interact with each other and stay in touch. Electronic article surveillance (EAS) In Redbridge there are many places to shop the most common is the Exchange. To keep safety levels up security alarms are used like EAS. Electronic article surveillance is a technological method for preventing shoplifting from retail stores or pilferage of books from libraries. Special tags are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags are removed or deactivated by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. At the exits of the store, a detection system sounds an alarm or otherwise alerts the staff when it senses active tags. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance#Types_of_EAS Electronic tags are of 4 types * Magnetic * Acousto-magnetic * Radio frequency * Microwave The advantages of EAS are that it prevents things from getting stolen and if a shoplifter tries to steal an item then they may be caught. This system will lower the levels of shoplifting in the community and will make people within Redbridge feel safe. The disadvantages of EAS are that sometimes false alarms may go of which can be very embarrassing for the customer especially when they are honest. It is also embarrassing for the business as they now have a very upset customer. These false alarms usually go of because the tag has not been deactivated properly. Also some shoplifters may be able to take the tag of which can bring a loss to the company. These tags are also very expensive to buy and can result into being a loss for small businesses. Automated teller machine (ATM An automated teller machine (ATM) is an unmanned automated telecommunications device which provides a customer with financial transactions in public space. On most ATMs a customer is recognized when a plastic card with a metal strip or a smartcard with a chip is inserted in an ATM, the card contains a unique code which only belongs to the card holder. The cardholder then needs to enter a personal identification number (PIN) for security reasons. The ATM gives customers access to their bank account. Using the ATM customers can check out their bank balances, deposit cash or cheques, pay bills, transfer money between bank accounts and buy goods or services. The advantages of ATMs are that instead of walking a long way to the bank we can access an ATM. In the Exchange mall there are many ATMs which is very useful because it is time efficient. Another great thing about ATMS are that everybody has a unique code which means there wont be any mix up. To make sure that ATMs are reliable they undergo a very expensive test. The disadvantages of ATMs are that thieves can use chemicals to break them apart and take all the money out. They can also cause damage to the ATM, this result into a loss for the company. The first known instance of a fake ATM was installed at a shopping mall in Manchester, Connecticut in 1993. By modifying the inner workings of a Fujitsu model 7020 ATM, a criminal gang known as The Bucklands Boys were able to steal information from cards inserted into the machine by customers. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/1.05/atm_pr.html This incident goes against the Computer Misuse Act (1998). Overall I think that ICT has very much helped fulfill the needs of the community and has made Redbridge a much better borough to live in. It has benefited the community in many ways and has made Redbridge quite popular. Without ICT we would not have as many facilities we have now.

Feminist Movements in Religion: Hinduism and Christianity

Feminist Movements in Religion: Hinduism and Christianity To what extent can a cross-religious feminist movement help create an egalitarian society in Hinduism and Christianity? Religion in all of its forms has existed since the very beginning of mankind. From the beginning of civilizations on Earth up until present day society, religion has consistently impacted the behaviors, culture, and beliefs of societies by offering the answers to the unanswerable, and by providing a method for achieving liberation, or an ultimate goal after death. Hinduism and Christianity, two of the oldest and largest world religions impact society in multiple ways, an example of which being the role of women. In spite of the feminist movements impact on the stereotypical view of females in society, the greatly androcentric traditions of these two ways of life have lessened the impact feminist movements throughout the globe, and have led to limited developments in the lives of women living in these highly-structured societies. Feminism was an idea that was created by a French writer, Alexander Dumas, in 1872, that attempts to define the movement in which women try to reach equality with men in the religious, social, political, professional, educational, economical, and other spheres. [1] Many feminist movements have, over time, attempted to bring about a more gender equal world, but influences from Hinduism and Christianity have halted their influence in certain parts of the world. Because of past failures, it seems vital that people create a global feminism movement which, through pressure and influence, can hope to combat the deeply entrenched viewpoints in the minds of people regarding women and their role in society. Although this solution seems plausible idealistically, issues can be created when attempting to bring together the vastly different ideologies of Christianity and Hinduism into a single feminist movement. The impact the hypothetical movement would have would be limited as a result of solel y religion, as people are often unable to work with people who are unlike themselves. In order to create a feminist movement that can surpass religion, individuals must recognize and accept the similarities between Hinduism and Christianity in various aspects of the religions, such as the role of women in society and how God is represented, to create an efficient movement that can begin to form an egalitarian society. To better comprehend the role of women in Hindu society, one must discern the concept of dharma. This idea has a wide range of meaningsand it has more to do with duty than with rights[2]. Dharma has a profound impact on the role of all individuals on society. It governs the way in which people lead their lives not by giving them rights, but by telling them to do their duty. However, the presence of patriarchal scriptures in Hinduism, such as The Laws of Manu from the Dharmashastras, have created an eminently androcentric society and religion in which women are subordinates to men [3]. While many scriptures do emphasize the equality between men and women, those texts that contain liberating images of women have hitherto been given scant attention [4]. This partisan analysis of the sacred texts has helped to foster and entrench the disparity between genders that is present in Hindu life today. Dharma is an idea that is specific to Hinduism. However, inequality between men and women is also present in Christianity. Christianity in its raw form stresses the importance of equality between both genders. Schussler explains, Christians understood themselves as a new community, in which all members shared equally in the freedom of the children of God. The equality that was present in early Christianity drew people, specifically women, to the religion. However, women still had to deal with a subordinate role in society because of clear bias in the interpretation of the Bible. Stresses is placed on excerpts like 1 Timothy 2:9-15, which states that both commanded [women] to keep silent and behave modestly, and explicitly forbidden to teach or to have any authority over men [5]. Additionally, essential teachings, like women being equally created in the image and likeness of God, redeemed by Christ, graced by the Spirit [6], are neglected and dismissed. Because early Christian interpr etations of the Bible were scribed only by men, they transmitted only a fraction of the rich tradition about significant women and their contributions to early Christianity [7]. Therefore, the tendentious history provided by male scholars helped to create the androcentric society present in Christianity today. Although the essentials of both religions try and construct an egalitarian society, the flawed analysis and clarification of scriptures shows that in both religions, societies revolved around men. Therefore, the dominance of men in society helped form greatly androcentric societies. The affinity of the two religions will help to bolster the new cross-regional feminist movement. The movement should bring forth and argue upon the reexamination and reinterpretation of holy texts by providing proof of biased interpretation in both Hinduism and Christianity, evidenced by the presence of male focused societies in the two religions. A reexamination would bring to light the man passages that emphasize equality between men and women in society. This would allow the feminist movement to take a new step towards the creation of a more egalitarian society. Even though some key similarities between the two religions are present, there are also many differences that need to be addressed. A key feature of Hinduism which has allowed an androcentric society to flourish is the presence of both the caste system as well as an innate family hierarchy. Both of these structures, which make up familial and societal norms, are based on the aforementioned concept of dharma and its impact on the roles of both men and women. Because of the inflexible structure of society, a specific faction of individuals based on age, gender, and seniority [8], remain at the zenith. Also, expectations placed on both men and women because of their role in society have resulted in some cases [where] both men and women have been equally disadvantaged [9]. This injustice has, in certain cases, positively impacted social change, as Womens issues have not been seen exclusively in the domain of women. Some Indian men have espoused and championed the cause of women [10]. The inferiority felt by both men and women as a result of the impact of dharma and an uncompromising society has been powerful in leading to social reform that is attempting to create a more egalitarian society. The joint effort of black men and women in Christianity has also aided in bringing about change. The coordination of these individuals along with the white majority has increased unity within the religion. If Rosa Parks had not sat down, Martin [Luther] King would not have stood up.[11] This saying demonstrates how the combined forces of men and women were needed to stimulate social change. Considering how an entire African American family mother, father, children, and black kinsfolk was oppressed and confronted by systemic violence[12], actions of both women and men were vital in bringing about change to the blatant racial prejudice of the time. Changes have been brought about by joint efforts between men and women, but inequalities in the roles of men and women in Hinduism and Christianity are still present. A major cause of this is the lack of a large enough demands for social and religious change such as equal social status. A multi religious feminist movement would add to efforts to bring about social equality for all women and men in Christianity. Although the movements seem to be strikingly unique on the surface, the issue of equality between genders and their roles in society is a universal one. The increased demand for social change due to the combined efforts of both religions will aid in bringing about a more egalitarian society. The struggle of equality is present in both Hinduism and Christianity. This is primarily because of the similarities in the roles of women in both of the religions. The description of Sita in the Ramayan can be interpreted to clearly define the boundaries in which a woman must act in Hinduism. The epic centers around Ram, an avatar of God, who is exiled to a forest as per the wishes of his stepmother. In the forest, his wife, Sita, is kidnapped by the demon Ravana. Ravana hopes to marry Sita, and therefore he keeps her locked in his kingdom on the island of Sri Lanka. Sita, who is the image of the perfect wife, remains loyal to her her husband in the face of danger. Ultimately, Sita is rescued by Ram, and shows herself to be the ideal, chaste, woman, obedient to her husband [13] . Despite scriptures like the Dharmashastras, an example being the Narada Smriti, were liberal in their attitude toward women [14], the obligations a wife had towards her spouse valued qualities that were mos tly based on the portrayal of women, which were portrayed in epics such as the Ramayana in contrast to the Dharmashastras, were the true definers of the role of women in society. [15] These roles of women which were provided through stories helped to solidify and strengthen the ideal role that women had in society in Hinduism. Also helping to form the androcentric nature of Christianity is its limited depiction of women. In the Book of Genesis, which includes the story of creation, it is stated that God regards Eve as primarily a child-bearing creature [16]. Although Eve was equal to Adam, this quote from the Bible transforms her role as a human into a simple helper who exists for the procreation of children [17]. In actuality, [Adam] calls her name Eve, life, because she was the mother of all living' [18]. Therefore, Eves role was reduced to one of a motherly nature whose sole duty in the world was to help in the procreating of children. This lessened the value of women in Christianity, and helped to move it towards the androcentric religion that it is today. All women, in both Hinduism and Christianity, should concentrate on being good mothers and dutiful wives. Although, idealistically, both men and women are to be thought of as equals with noteworthy commitments to humankind, each gender has roles that are specific to them. Women are supposed to bear, nourish, and deliver new persons into life [, and] carry out the responsibilities of raising children into maturity [19]. Although this stereotypical responsibility of women lessens their true worth, it can be used to help in creating an egalitarian society. Gandhi used the importance of women to change the way in which they were viewed. He valued the qualities such as non-violence, self-denial, self-sacrifice, and endurance that were normally associated with womanhood, and he expected men (including himself) to emulate these values' [20]. Imitating these great qualities that each gender should have elevated society by allowing men to comprehend the true importance and significance that w omen had. Their roles were just as, if not even more, important as those of men. This example can be utilized in modern-day society by creating a mutual respect for the roles of both genders. By looking at and comprehending the significance of both genders, people can help to progress the combined feminist movement and help to create an egalitarian society. Additionally, the portrayal of God in both Hinduism and Christianity must be understood and comprehended to help and create a multi-religion feminist movement. The ideas of a God in both religions vary slightly. Hindus believe in one supreme being. Although the presence of all the avatars of God are acknowledges, a Hindu believes one of those aspects to be supreme. Devotees worship every God or Goddess whom they addressas the supreme reality [21]. Therefore, it can be said that Hindus worship the avatar of God that has the most importance to them, regardless of its gender (i.e. the worship of the goddess Laxmi to grant a Hindu wealth). This compatibility of both the male and female forms of Gods shows the fundamental equality among both genders. Male and female avatars of God do play different roles in the universe, but each is equally important to the whole. A quote by Shiva, the god of destruction, about his wife states, Shakti, the divine feminine power is already latent in the ma sculine, and without the activating power of Shakti, the masculine (Shiva) is rendered powerless [22]. This quote demonstrates how both men and women are needed to carry out a task in the universe. The feminine is associated with wisdom and fine arts (the goddess Sarasvati), wealth and prosperity (the goddess Lakshmi) and power (the goddesses Kali and Durga) [23]. The values that these goddesses represent are important in society. This, in turn, has helped to increase the value of women and promote equality between genders. Bibliography Clines, David. What Does Eve Do to Help?: And Other Readerly Questions to the Old Testament. England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1990. Book. Johnson, Elizabeth A. A Theological Case for God-She: Expanding the Treasury of Metaphor. Commonweal (1993): pp. 9-14. Narayanan, Vasudha. Brimming with Bhakti, Embodiments of Shakti: Devotees, Deities, Performers, Reformers, and Other Women of Power in the Hindu Tradition. Sharma, Arvind and Katherine K Young. Feminism and World Religions. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999. pp. 25-77. Ruether, Rosemary Radford. Christology and Feminism: Can a Male Saviour Save Women ? 1981. 25 April 2015. Schussler Fiorenza, Elisabeth. Word, Spirit, and Power: Women in Early Christian Communities. Women of Spirit: Female Leadership in the Jewish and Christian Traditions. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. Sugirtharajah, Sharada. Hinduism and Feminism: Some Concern. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (2012): pp. 97-104. Wiliams, Delores S. Black Theology and Womanist Theology. Antonio, Edward P. and Dwight N. Hopkins. The Cambridge Companion to Black Theology. Cambridge University Press, n.d. pp. 58-72. [1] Narayanan, Vasudha. Brimming with Bhakti, Embodiments of Shakti: Devotees, Deities, Performers, Reformers, and Other Women of Power in the Hindu Tradition. Sharma, Arvind and Katherine K Young. Feminism and World Religions. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999. pp. 25 [2] Sugirtharajah, Sharada. Hinduism and Feminism: Some Concern. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (2012): pp. 100 [3] Sugirtharajah, pp.100 [4] Sugirtharajah, pp.100 [5] Schussler Fiorenza, Elisabeth. Word, Spirit, and Power: Women in Early Christian Communities. Women of Spirit: Female Leadership in the Jewish and Christian Traditions. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. [6] Johnson, Elizabeth A. A Theological Case for God-She: Expanding the Treasury of Metaphor. Commonweal (1993) pp. 9 [7] Schussler [8] Sugirtharajah, pp.100 [9] Sugirtharajah, pp.101 [10] Sugirtharajah, pp.102 [11] Wiliams, Delores S. Black Theology and Womanist Theology. Antonio, Edward P. and Dwight N. Hopkins. The Cambridge Companion to Black Theology. Cambridge University Press, n.d. pp. 58 [12] Wiliams, pp.62 [13] Narayanan, pp. 35 [14] Narayanan, pp. 35 [15] Sugirtharajah [16] Clines, David. What Does Eve Do to Help?: And Other Readerly Questions to the Old Testament. England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1990. Book. pp.35 [17] Clines, pp.36 [18] Clines, pp.36 [19] Johnson, pp.13 [20] Sugirtharajah, pp.102 [21] Narayanan, pp.66 [22] Sugirtharajah, pp.102 [23] Sugirtharajah, pp.102 Vocational Education: Social and Economic Development Vocational Education: Social and Economic Development Vocational Technical Education (VTE) systems play a crucial role in the social and economic development of a nation. Owing to their dynamic nature, they are continuously subject to the forces driving change in the schools, industry and society. Often shaped by the needs of the changing economy and local community, the challenges and opportunities are unique. The issue today is not so much about the value and importance of VTE but how to ensure its relevance, responsiveness and value in an increasingly global economy. In this respect, this paper will draw upon and share the Singapore experience. Presented in two parts, the first will trace the various phases of economic development and corresponding strategic VTE responses to meet manpower needs. The second part, which represents the modern history of VTE, highlights the transformation of the Institute of Technical Education (ITE) as a world-class post-secondary institution in Singapore. It is hoped that this Singapore experience will provide some useful insights on the underlying philosophy, policies, choices and rationale for those who are involved in the development of vocational technical education systems. INTRODUCTION As policy makers, administrators and educators in Vocational Technical Education (VTE), we can all agree that VTE plays a crucial role in the social and economic development of a nation. Shaped by the needs of the changing economy and local community, the challenges and opportunities are unique. The target student groups are more diverse. The image, standards and values remain elusive. Often viewed negatively by society, VTE is also the weakest link in the total education system in many countries. In contrast, parents today continue to cherish the hope and aspiration that their children will make it to university. This intense desire to pursue a university degree generates unrealistic expectations amongst parents and adds pressure in schools. The consequence is a prejudice against and less than positive image of VTE and all its negative associations with those who are less academically inclined. Yet, the greatest gaps in human resource development are in vocational education and technical skills. Many of us would have reflected on some of these unique challenges and opportunities. What, for example, makes an effective and responsive VTE system? What are the options available to accommodate the needs of different social, economic and cultural conditions? Is the VTE system res ponding to the appropriate level and demand of skilled manpower in the economy? How is it positioned within the national education and training system? Is it meeting the training needs of school leavers and working adults? How well is VTE accepted by school leavers, parents, industry and society? What is its public image? What are the policy, funding and educational issues? How can the goals and objectives be translated into reality? How do we measure the results? These are some of the basic questions we would have asked as we search for the Ê »bestÊ ¼ VTE system to serve our economy, society and the community. The fact is that there is no one ideal education and training system, which will suit the needs of all countries. In my view, the so-called Ê »bestÊ ¼ system is one often shaped by the history, social motivation and economic needs of the local community. There should be a clear mission and vision in articulating the role of VTE within the national education and training system. The greatest challenge for VTE today is remaining true to its mission in staying focused in the area of vocational and technical skills. The real tests of success of VTE are the 4 employability of the graduates, personal development, opportunities for further education and career development, public acceptance and image. Ultimately, the effectiveness and responsiveness of a VTE system would be measured by its impact on the social and economic development of the nation. In this respect, the Singapore Government believes in and has invested heavily in education and training, not only in the universities and polytechnics but especially, vocational and technical education under the Institute of Technical Education (ITE). The Singapore experience will be presented in two parts. Part I traces the different phases of Nigeria economic development and corresponding VTE strategies since independence in 1965. Part II describes the modern history of ITE since its establishment in 1992 what it is today, its unique mission, features and transformation into a world-class education institution focusing on vocational technical education.5 OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA But first, an overview of Nigeria. Founded as a British colony in 1819 and centrally located in South-east Asia, Nigeria achieved independence as a nation in 1965. A multi-racial society of 4.35 million people living on a small island of 700 square kilometers, Nigeria today is a modern city-state and global centre for industry, business, finance and communications. Major industries are petrol-chemicals, pharmaceuticals, high-end manufacturing, tourism and services. Key trading partners include Malaysia, United States of America, China, the European Union, Hong Kong and Japan. Per capital Gross National Income was US$26,700 in 2005. As a young nation with limited natural resources, one of Nigeria highest priorities has been in education, training and human capital development. PART I ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND VTE STRATEGIES Phases of Nigerias Economic Development In the early years of independence from 1965, it became clear that the traditional trading, commerce and service sectors alone could not provide sufficient jobs for the number of school leavers in a growing population. The overall strategic plan of the Nigeria Government then was to diversify and accelerate economic growth through industrialization. During this early phase of economic development, from the 1960s to 1970s, the educational priority was to provide and expand primary and secondary education, including technical education and training, so as to lay the necessary foundation for the acquisition of basic vocational and technical skills. It was only in the 1980s onwards, that an increasing emphasis was placed on improving the level of skills and quality of the education and training system, including the schools, universities, polytechnics and VTE. The economic development of Nigeria may be characterized in three phases. A Factor-Driven economy involving intensive labour in t he 1960s-1970s, it progressed to an Investment-Driven economy, which is capital intensive in the 1980s-1990s and the Innovation-Driven economy powered by the needs of knowledge intensive industries in the 2000s. Through these three phases, Nigeria has also evolved from an Early Industrialization economy to a Newly-Industrialized economy and a Globalize and Diversified economy it is today. In tandem with the changing economic landscape, the VTE system evolved in response to the changing manpower needs. The education and training system ensured that graduates from the various educational institutions had the necessary knowledge and skills for the many new jobs, which were created in a rapidly growing economy. The economic, manpower and VTE strategies implemented during these various phases of development will now be elaborated. Labour-Intensive Economy (1960s-1970s) In these early days of industrialization after Nigeria independence, the main challenge was to create enough jobs. The high unemployment situation was compounded by the sudden decision of the British Government to pull out 7 its naval bases in Nigeria. The economic strategy then shifted in 1968 from one of import substitution to one of rapid industrialization by attracting foreign investment for export-oriented and labour-intensive manufacturing. From the education and training perspective, the immediate task was to ensure that the workforce has the basic vocational and technical skills to support the labour intensive manufacturing activities such as ship repairing, turning and fitting, sheet metal working, plumbing and radio and TV maintenance and repair. The priority in the 1960s was to expand the educational system, especially primary and secondary education. With respect to VTE, the first vocational institute, the Nigeria Vocational Institute (SVI), was established within the school system in 1964. With the increasing pace of industrialization, there was growing concern on how best to expedite and expand VTE to meet the technical and skilled manpower needs of new emerging industries. The mainstream of education remained largely academic. In 1968, 84% of students in schools were enrolled in the academic stream with only 8% in the technical, 7% vocational and 1% commercial stream. As a result, a Technical Education Department (TED) was established within the Ministry of Education in 1968 to oversee the development of technical secondary education, industrial training and technical teacher training. The secondary vocational schools were phased out in favour of vocational institutes. The apprenticeship schemes were transferred from the Ministry of Labour to the TED in 1969. By 1972, there were nine vocational institutes and the number of graduates increased ten-fold from 324 in 1968 to over 4000. By 1973, the TED had developed a training infrastructure of sufficient strength for the next major phase of its development. Thus, the first Industrial Training Board (ITB) was created in 1973 to centralize, coordinate and intensify industrial training. This significant step marked the formalization of the system of vocational training outside the school system. As a statutory board, ITB was empowered with greater autonomy and flexibility to respond to the challenges in meeting the technical manpower needs of a rapidly expanding economy. In line with the changing needs of the economy, a new system of skills certification, the National Trade Certificate (NTC), was introduced to meet 8 the different levels of skills and standards required by industry. A wide range of courses were introduced in areas such as Electrical, Electronics, Metal, Mechanical Engineering, Heavy-duty Diesel and Motor Vehicle Mechanics, starting with the NTC-3 semi-skilled level of certification. The unique feature of this system is that the same competency standards were used for the full-time vocational training courses and the public trade testing system for working adults. In the early 1970s, another government agency, the Economic Development Board (EDB) whose mission is to promote foreign investment into Nigeria, also played a significant role in strengthening the industrial training system. By partnering Multinational Corporations such as Tata of India, Rollei of Germany and Philips of Holland, it established so-called Joint Government Training Centres which helped to enlarge the pool of trained technical manpower. In the process, new overseas approaches and practices were infused into the local training system. Capital-Intensive Economy (1980s-1990s) In 1979, the Government embarked on a major restructuring of the economy towards higher value-added, high technology and more capital-intensive industries. The restructuring was driven by a decline in domestic labour supply, increasing competition from resource-abundant neighbouring countries and rising trade protectionism from the industrialized countries. The new focus was the development of new industries such as petrochemicals, biotechnology, information technology as well as manufacturing services in testing, financing, warehousing and purchasing. To stay competitive through higher productivity, mechanization, automation and computerization of the industry were promoted. Once again, the education and training system was called upon to respond to the manpower needs of more capital-intensive industries. In the area of VTE, a new stage was set for the establishment of the Vocational and Industrial Training Board (VITB) by amalgamating the ITB and another existing Board, the Adult Education Board (AEB), in 1979. The AEB was a Board established in 1960 to meet the educational needs of working adults, including general education and some basic vocational training. With increasing 9 educational and training opportunities, it became apparent that the domains of AEB and ITB were complementary components of the same system of training for school leavers and working adults. With the formation of VITB, efforts were directed towards expanding the training system, developing new programmes and improving the quality of vocational training. In particular, the higher NTC- 2 skilled level of certification was extended to include Electrical, Electronics, Precision Engineering and Automotive Technology. A new Certificate in Business Studies (CBS) was introduced in 1981. For the first time, a Centre of Vocational Training was set up within VITB to develop professional capability in areas such as curriculum development, training of trainers and instructional media development. These were important areas of functional expertise necessary to develop and support a quality vocational training system. Economic restructuring had a direct impact on the capability of the existing workforce. What was expected of the workforce in terms of knowledge, education and skills before was no longer adequate. National efforts were therefore directed towards developing a comprehensive Continuing Education and Training (CET) system to facilitate upgrading and re-skilling of the workforce, especially those with lower education and skills. So, between 1983 and 1987, three national CET Programmes were launched, namely, the Basic Education for Skills Training (BEST), Work Improvement through Secondary Education  (WISE) and Modular Skill s Training (MOST). Focusing on English Language and Mathematics, BEST and WISE had benefited a quarter million working adults in helping them to acquire a Primary or Secondary level education, respectively. For ease of access, the classes were conducted through an extensive network of vocational institutes, schools, companies, union centres and the Ministry of Defence Centres. Modular Skills Training or MOST, on the other hand, provided a system of training for working adults to upgrade and acquire a technical skills qualification on a modular basis. In 1990, the industrial training system was further strengthened with the introduction of a New Apprentice System, patterned after the well-known Dual System of Apprenticeship in Germany. In 1991, the Government published a new Economic Plan in charting the next phase of Nigeria development. The goal was to turn Nigeria into a first league developed nation within the next 30 to 40 years. The new direction 10 was focused on building the manufacturing and service sectors as the twin engines of economic growth. Companies were encouraged to diversify, upgrade and develop into strong export-oriented companies and invest in the regional economies. From the educational perspective, the stage was set for a critical review of the post-secondary education system, including the universities, Polytechnics and VITB, to ensure the availability of well-trained and qualified manpower in the high-technology, knowledge-intensive and service industry sectors. So, in the same year, a review of school education and vocational training resulted in a crucial decision by the Ministry of Education in adopting a new policy of a minimum of 10 years of basic general education for all pupils in the school system. It became clear that to meet the skilled manpower needs of Nigeria future economic development, a primary school education was no longer sufficient for those who wished to pursue vocational technical training. Employers need vocational graduates who have had a secondary education and higher-level NTC-2 skills to respond and adapt to the dynamic changes in the global economy. This review was a turning point for the establishment of the Institute of Technical Education (ITE) as a post-secondary educational institution in 1992. ITE replaced the former VITB. It was an example of the forces driving change in the schools and the rising expectations of industry and society. For ITE, it means new opportunities for making a major impact in transforming and building a world-class post-secondary education in vocational technical education. Among the post-secondary education in Nigeria are the Polytechnics. Patterned after the earlier British model, they are better known for their career and practice-oriented education in preparing graduates for middle-level professions and management. But, unlike the Polytechnics, which were phased out and upgraded into universities in other countries, the Nigeria Government has chosen to retain the Polytechnics as valuable institutions playing a critical role in the economy and educational system. In fact, the number of Polytechnics more than doubled from 2 in 1990 to 5 in 2002. Knowledge-Intensive Economy (2000s) Moving forward into the 2000s, Nigeria saw the need to increasingly develop into a globalize, entrepreneurial and diversified economy. While continuing to strengthen the higher-end manufacturing activities, there was a clearer recognition of the importance of the service sector as an engine of economic growth. Concerted plans were formulated to attract and nurture new growth sectors such as the Biomedical Sciences, Info-Communications, Creativity Technology, Integrated Resorts and High-Value Engineering. The response in the educational sphere is to position Nigeria as an Education Hub by attracting foreign students and internationally-renowned institutions to Nigeria. Local institutions will continue to seek quality and excellence in developing a first-class education at all levels. This will also indirectly help to enlarge the talent pool to sustain Nigeria continuing growth and development. Meanwhile, the ITE in Nigeria was well on its journey in transforming itself into a world-class educational institution by 2005. Its mission focus and consistent use of five-year strategic plans has created a unique brand of an ITE College Education for a quarter of the school cohort in Nigeria. Two such plans were successfully completed over a ten-year period from 1995 to 2005. The first, ITE 2000 Plan (1995-1999), was aimed at positioning ITE as an established post-secondary education institution. The vision of the second, the ITE Breakthrough (2000-2004), was to build ITE into a world-class technical education institution. Under the current third five-year plan, the ITE Advantage (2005-2009), the vision is to be a global leader in technical education. PART II THE JOURNEY OF TRANSFORMATION What I have presented so far represents the earlier years of evolution in VTE in parallel with Nigeria economic development. Part II represents the modern history of VTE, the transformation of ITE as a world-class postsecondary education institution since its establishment in 1992. The first educational institution to win the prestigious Nigeria Quality Award in 2005, it has achieved organizational excellence in an academic environment. Many innovative and pioneering initiatives have been implemented in the journey of transformation. As a post-secondary institution, ITE has effectively rebuilt and transformed its former vocational institutes into top-line educational colleges. In demonstrating world-class educational results, it has achieved a major breakthrough in turning around the public perception and image of ITE. Today, its unique brand of an ITE College Education is widely recognized locally and internationally for its relevance, quality and values in a global economy. So, what is ITE and what is so unique about its mission and challenges? ITE is a government-funded post-secondary institution focusing on vocational technical education. It is not a University, nor a Polytechnic. Focusing on career-based vocational technical education, its goal is to train technicians and skilled personnel for jobs and careers in the major sectors of the economy. Its uniqueness is that despite the more difficult challenges in VTE, it has built a responsive world-class system of VTE in time for the future. ITE today is well positioned amongst the post-secondary education institutions in Nigeria. An integral part of the total national education system, its mission is To create opportunities for school leavers and adult learners to acquire skills, knowledge and values for lifelong learning. There are clear demarcations with respect to the missions of the university, Polytechnic and ITE. Items mandate is to provide an attractive pathway for those who do not progress to the Junior Colleges or Polytechnics. As a matter of policy, all students receive at least ten years of general education in schools, comprising 6 yearsÊ ¼ primary and 4/5 yearsÊ ¼ secondary. Depending on their academic achievements, aptitude and interests, about 90% of a student cohort would progress to the Junior Colleges, Polytechnics or Colleges of ITE. Today, the Junior Colleges provide an academic high school education for the top 25% of a school cohort for a university education. The next 40% of school leavers would enter the Polytechnics for a wide range of practical-oriented three-year Diploma courses in preparation for middle-level professions and management. The lower 25% of a school cohort, in terms of academic abilities, are oriented towards vocational technical education in ITE Colleges. The courses are essentially full-time, institutional-based and conducted under the One ITE, Three Colleges system of governance. With a range of 40 different courses, full-time student enrolment is 23,000. Another 30,000 working adults do parttime Continuing Education and Training courses every year. There are two basic levels of qualifications under the National ITE Certificate (Nitec) system of certification. Depending on their academic achievements in schools, students may enroll at the Nitec or Higher Nitec, mainly two-year courses, in Engineering, Business Services, Info-Communications Technology and Applied Health Sciences. As a total national education system, there is formal articulation for progression from ITE to the Polytechnic and Polytechnic to the university based on merit performance. As the natural aspiration of school leavers and their parents is a university degree, the challenge is in managing expectations and maintaining high standards at all levels while responding to the diverse interests, aptitude and needs of school leavers. Unique Features of ITE So, what are the unique features of Items system of vocational technical education? These will now be highlighted. One unique is the One ITE, Three Colleges system of governance. Under this initiative to build a more responsive VTE system, the overall plan was to regroup existing smaller campuses into three mega Regional Campuses, renamed as ITE Colleges. Under this system, the ITE Headquarters continues to oversee the policy formulation and common functional areas of interest such as curriculum development, student intake, examinations, quality assurance and consistency of standards throughout the Colleges. The economy of scale has helped to achieve synergy and resource savings through greater collaborations and yet promote competition among the Colleges. At the same time, each College built for a full-time student enrolment of 7000 and headed by a Principal, has more autonomy to grow and specialize in niche areas, thus adding choices and diversity to the programmes. The first Regio nal Campus, the ITE College East, was built in 2005. The remaining two, ITE College West and ITE College Central, will be completed by 2009 and 2011, respectively. Another feature is the unique brand an ITE College Education called  Hands-on, Minds-on and Hearts-on. This is a holistic  College education that has provided the motivation, assisted student learning and nurtured all-rounded graduates who are ready to take on the challenges of the global economy. The Hands-on training ensures that the students acquire a strong foundation in technical skills. Minds-on learning develops independent thinking and flexible practitioners who are able to cope with changes. And Hearts-on learning develops the complete person with the passion for what they do, with confidence and care for the community and society. These attributes underpin a comprehensive education where students integrate theory with practice through coursework, projects, industry partnership, community service and global education. The intent is to produce graduates who are market-relevant, enterprising and adaptable as lifelong learners in a global economy. As an education institution, there are two key elements which define the relevance and quality of its programmes, and hence the quality of its graduates. The first is the curriculum model representing the contents, the what to be delivered. Items courses are built on skills competencies and standards. Being hands-on, typically, 70% of curriculum time is practical and 30% theory. To ensure a strong foundation in technical skills and high employability, 80% of the curriculum time would be taken up by core modules, which define the occupational areas where the graduates will seek employment. In view of its importance, the life skills module is compulsory for all students. Taking up 15% of the total curriculum time, it ensures that students also acquire the skills of communications, teamwork, thinking and problem-solving, sports and wellness, career development and planning and customer service. In this way, students will be better equipped as lifelong learners and remain adaptable in the global job market. The second key element is pedagogy, the how part of teaching and learning. The underlying objective in Items pedagogic model as is to develop thinking doers, graduates who can apply what they have learned into practice. Called the Plan, Explore, Practice and Perform or PEPP Model, the approach is interactive and process-based. Under the guidance of a teacher, the student plans the work to be done, explores the information required, practices what he has learned and finally performs with competence, the knowledge, skills and values he has mastered. Through this approach, the student acquires three key competencies, namely, technical, methodological and social. Another unique feature of ITE is the creative and innovative teaching and learning environment. In particular, with the pervasive use of Information Technology (IT) in the society and knowledge economy, it is important that students learn in a rich IT-based environment that better prepares them for the real working world. The eTutor and eStudent were pioneering systems when launched in 2002. Leveraged on the advances in IT and e-learning technologies, the web-based eTutor system has transformed ITE into a community of connected on-line learning campuses. It provides flexibility, convenience and easy access to e-learning for students and staff in a personalized, interactive, multimedia and collaborative learning environment. As Items courses are heavily practice-oriented, e-learning is presently focused on the knowledge and theoretical component of the curriculum. Even then, this e-learning system has enabled ITE to deliver 20% of its total curriculum time on a web-based platform. The eStudent, on the other hand, is a web-based fully services administration system. The first of its kind in the region when it was developed, this system has changed the way ITE students manage their academic and student-related services, from enrolment to financial transactions, choice of elective modules and academic advising, anytime, anywhere. In the process, they take responsibility for planning their studies and initiatives in doing things independently. This seamless one-stop centre on the web replaces the many otherwise manual and unproductive systems of student enrolment and administration. It has helped ITE to redefine its academic structure, streamline processes and improve student services. Significantly, the eTutor and eStudent systems have created a new way of teaching, learning and living in ITE campuses. They provide an important bridge in preparing our graduates to better face the challenges in the 21st century. Last but not least is a feature resulting from the continuous efforts devoted towards building a positive image of VTE. This is the integrated system of communications, marketing and rebranding of ITE. Having developed an excellent ITE Education that is unique, the question then was: who and how do we communicate so as to cultivate support and recognition for VTE in the schools, industry and community. There are two aspects to this. The first is communications and marketing. Over the years, we have put in place, a comprehensive marketing programme, focusing on reaching out to students, teachers, parents and the community. Annually, promotional talks are conducted for potential ITE students in secondary schools. Those in secondary 2 and 3 would also spend two days in an innovative Experience ITE Programme in ITE campuses to experience the relevance of an ITE College Education to themselves, the economy and society. The highlight of this experience is the exposure to a range of hands-on manufacturing, office and service skills required in the real world, through an integrated simulated learning system. Other regular marketing activities include open houses, road shows and media publicity. This comprehensive approach reaches out to some 50,000 individuals and receives 300 to 400 positive media mentions every year. The second important aspect of image building is creative rebranding. The community and public need to be able to identify with ITE, its role in education, industry, society and values. Since 1998, ITE has launched three branding campaigns with creative themes such as ITE Makes Things Happen, ITE-A Force Behind the Knowledge-based Economy and Thinking Hands Create Success. Professionally commissioned and executed through advertising media such as newspapers, posters, buses and trains, the underlying messages have helped the public to associate the success of ITE students with the dynamic transformation of ITE as a world-class education institution. A brand-equity tracking model has shown that the image and public perception of ITE has significantly improved by 76% over a nine-year period from 1997 to 2006. Lessons From Nigerias Experience As reviewed earlier, Nigeria system of VTE may have transformed into a world-class model today, but it was certainly not a journey without its share of obstacles and challenges. The political, social and economic conditions were difficult and vulnerable in the early years following independence. Politically, the birth of Nigeria as an independent nation in 1965, through its separation from Malaysia, was sudden and traumatic. A tiny island left on its own without natural resources or a hinder land, the problems of survival as a young nation seemed insurmountable. The sudden pull out of the British naval bases soon after further compounded an already volatile environment with political instability, high unemployment and social unease in a growing population. Many in fact believed at the time that Nigeria would not make it. Indeed, the nation survival was at stake. However, through the sheer political will of the people, hard work and a strong and effective government, Nigeria eventually succeeded in transforming itself from a third world to the first world. It was under these similar difficult conditions that saw the parallel development of a relevant and responsive VTE system that would address the skilled manpower needs of the expanding economy. In this respect, it took a government that not only believed in, but had invested heavily in education