Internal and External Force of Change for Synergetic Solutions Essay

Synergetic Solutions lets us know that change is something that will happen no matter what we do. Executing change is not as simple as acknowledging the need for change. Synergetic Solutions understands the internal and external factors that have required a change to take place, and desire to improve operations but executing the change can be difficult when met with conflict. Both employees and leaders must understand, through good communication, the need for change and the way by which to achieve that change successfully. To survive in recent market environment organizations need to change constantly with current conditions that are constantly, who can accept change survive and who cannot accept change and suffer the consequences. Changes brought a effect of strategic initiatives within a company and how it affects work design and organization culture. While change is occurring you can see opposition to change at individual and organizational levels, change agent has to implement va rious tactics to restrain the resistance and dead organization step reward to work on new strategies. Synergetic solution Inc. is a $6 million company in the business of system integration assembling and reselling leading computers brands. It has 300 employees mostly in the sales and service departments working in five locations across the east–coast. most employees in this trading organization possess only basic computer assembling and trouble shooting skills, while a few technically higher skilled individuals operates as the specialists. Harold red, chief executive officers made changes in to the network solution business of designing and implementing complete computing networks. He got four of synergetic brightest engineers trained and certified on networking technologies. One internal factor that has caused Synergetic Solutions to implement change is limited skills of employees. Most employees have basic skills to complete tasks but how many  continue with education hours to keep progressing and learning? As with Synergetic Solutions, most employees have the basic computer skills needed but only a few employees are specialists in a chosen field (UOP, 2010). Being a specialist requires more time, training, and education which most employees will not do individually but will do collectively within the organization if the organization provides opportunity. For any change to occur positively, employees need to be trained to implement new routines and daily processing of tasks that increase skills and abilities of eac h employee. With 300 employees who mainly work in sales and service, Synergetic Solutions must implement change to educate these employees to expand skills and abilities.Another internal factor for change is to increase revenue. The goal of Synergetic Solutions is to increase revenue every quarter and by 80 percent over the next nine months. To be successful and meet the goals of earned revenue, a change must take place. Synergetic Solutions is taking a look at the certification and training needed to redirect the organization from reselling leading computers to designing and implementing tasks.

Listen up Essay

I just went to a conference about active listening/benefits. As you may know that active listening is what we need to do in our work place (1). The first step of active listening is listening/understanding. When we listen to someone make eye contact, read their nonverbal communication to have a better understanding on how they feel, an what they are exactly saying. Then we need to empathize with the person, understand what they mean, an ask/encourage the person which we are listening with. When we question them we are showing them that we are listening/encouraging them to give their opinions on the subject. Last but not least paraphrase/summarize what our counterpart has said. When we repeat their ideas it helps the other person that we understood/listened. Finally don’t interrupt when the person is talking. Active listening can improve the work place, improve situations, an a great skill (1). This will increase the group dynamics, operational decisions, satisfaction for the customers (2). Lets talk about benefits for active listening (development). sixty percent of active listeners to solve, organizational errors are about also sixty percent of all of the errors in the organization that are related to some form of failure of active listening. In organizations has diversity has worked well with active listeners. With these methods it will help the people with different principles/values (2). Plus the diversity creates new methods to solve problems that is with the organization. When we have board meeting you can use you active listening skills to the test (2). This way you can retain more of the information that was told. When people have these skill you wont have a lot of  misunderstanding when you communicate with people (2). All in all review the memo about the benefits/health care work place, an become a better active listener. Thank you for taking the time to read this. Work cited (mind tool) http://www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/ActiveListening.htm 1 (ehow) http://www.ehow.com/info_8599007_benefits-active-listening.html 2

Animals in our life

Animals play an extremely important part in the lives of humans. We may not realize how much impact animals have on our lives. They have played various roles; that of a friend, companion, protector, comforter, and more. Addressing people who are not animal lovers, I would say it is very difficult to explain what joy an animal can bring to ones life. Pets impact human lives on a face-to-face basis by being our companions, whether its a cat or a dog. Nothing is more comforting than having a dog greet you at the door, or a cat curl up in your lap. Pets help us in our daily life in terms of giving us the emotional support and ,personally, I find it most important. Also having a pet is a great way to teach a child caretaking skills. A pet must be fed and watered daily, on some days given a bath, and trained. In order to help children get used to the responsibilities involved in looking after a real pet, some parents buy them virtual pets. But if you ask me, this kind of toys is useless. If we talk about pets, we should clear up what is it to be a pet owner. Nowadays we are used to meet eccentric owners on the streets or in public places. Its their choice and right to celebrate their pets birthday with a party, or to talk to their pets on the phone, or even to permit their pets to enjoy the leftovers from the owner meal in a restaurant. But lets face the fact that some people are really animal crackers. I may be wrong, but keeping unusual pets or large amount of pets in little flat is absolutely insane action. Tigers, panthers and lions are ferocious, wild animals. They are not suited for domestic life and should never be kept as pets. Also if a large dog is not obedient to its owner, then it is a potential danger too. If youre going to take on a pup, you should respect other people and their privacy, think about the size of your apartment and about your free time, would it be enough for your pet?! Pet animals are often used for rehabilitation. Certain dogs, with special certification, are allowed to visit the residents in nursing homes. A recent survey has shown that animals enhance the lives of others. The sick and the elderly look forward to spending time with animals. Just petting an animal can have a calming effect. Animals have helped throughout history by working for humans. Many farmers use animals for their livelihood. Farmers raise cattle, lamb, sheep, goats and other animals simply to make a living. Many of these animals are used for meat or for milk. Dogs too can work on a farm helping the farmer with the sheep or cattle. Animals raised on farms are often our food and fur sources. Animals save our lives in many ways. For example, they guard our properties and perform heroic feats. Dogs are very smart and can be taught to do almost anything. Whether that is to find drugs, find a missing person or even find a bomb, they are amazing animals. People trained animals for handicapped individuals. Guide dogs for the blind people cant replace their eyes, but they can be an enormous help in making day-to-day life much easier and happier. Guide dogs assist their owners in their daily activities, from carrying large objects to directing a blind person through traffic. Furthermore, animals give their lives for the advancement of science. Lab rats are poked, prodded, injected with chemical substances and operated upon, all so that we may find new cures for the many diseases that threaten our quality of life. Animals affect everyones life, whether youre an animal-lover, animal-hater, animal-eater or animal-saver. Whether animals are house pets, working animals or used for experimentation they are very important to us and we need them as much as they need us.

The creation of Clinical pathologic coorelation Research Paper - 1

The creation of Clinical pathologic coorelation - Research Paper Example The speaker should seek an expert from the faculty with whom to discuss the case. In addition, the most preferred is the care-taker that cared for the patient, and the attendance of the faculty member to the CPC is highly encouraged. This work describes what Clinical Pathologic Correlation consists of and how it is made in the context of Cytopathology (OECD 484). The start of the conference focusses on the history of the patient and physical examination. The pictorial photographs of the examination research findings, like skin rashes or even other visually-based physical findings, are allowed and encouraged. However, the patient in question has to avail consent for the photograph, and the given photograph does not identify the patient. The examination history and physical findings should arise to the discussion of a particular differential diagnosis. The next thing that follows is the objective data. The CPC have to include laboratory data and information, images of medication, and/or specimens of pathology (Görlitz et al 79). The speaker is supposed to outline the rationale for the proposed work-up tackled. This in turn should be followed by the data plan correlated with the performed differential diagnosis, which includes a basic explanation of the way the data plan assists to display further the differential diagnosis. The CPC should terminate with the patient’s diagnosis being identified together with a discussion based on the evidence of the performed diagnosis in relation to the epidemiologic, therapeutic, and diagnostic details concerning the disease process (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 158). Lastly, the speaker will then field questions arising from the attendees. In a situation where the faculty expert is attending the CPC, their comments are also highly encouraged. Rapid On-site Evaluation (ROSE) in Cytology is a special service

Discuss about DNA related topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Discuss about DNA related topic - Essay Example DNA has come a long way since the time of the famous photo 51 of Rosalind Franklin until the three-dimensional model interpretation of Jim Watson and Francis Crick of the double helical structure of the DNA strand. Even the discovery of the DNA helix was of controversy itself as discussed in an interview of Lynn Osman Elkin conducted on March 26, 2003 posted at NOVA website regarding the confusion on who to take credit for the discovery, if double helix DNA should be more on Franklin’s account (Rosalind Franklins Legacy). Deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences (DNA interactive). Series of studies have proven the role of DNA as the gene carrier. Fred Griffith and his transforming principle experimented on mice by injecting strains of the S (smooth) and R (rough) form of the Pneumococcus bacteria. The experiment showed transformation of R from to its virulent form by somehow incorporating gene from the dead S form when mixed together. Furthermore Griffith’s experiment set out Oswald Avery and colleagues Colin Macleod and MacLyn McCarty to determine what the transforming agent was by the process of elimination ruling out DNA as the transforming material. Further experiment of Hershey and Chase proved that DNA, and not protein, is the one injected by virus into their host thus establishing DNA as the hereditary

Service-Learning or AIDS WALK Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Service-Learning or AIDS WALK Experience - Essay Example The community received students with a perspective of professionals who had a purpose. Young and old, youth and elderly, the community members, enjoyed seeing the students walk from one corner to another attending to the sick, advising, teaching and activating for a better health in the society. To the students, they had a chance to explore the community needs and wants, apply the class work to practical service to the community and employ their skills in service delivery. The participants arrived at the starting point on time and were issued with T-shirts with the writings, â€Å"AIDS is Real† and â€Å"Anyone can be a victim†. The T-shirts were issued to all the people who had already bought their tickets to participate in the walk. We all were required to pay $ 20 per person to acquire the ticket. It seemed that people had bought the tickets in plenty since the walk attracted more than two thousand people. Everyone seemed jovial to participate in the walk. This walk was aimed at sensitizing the public about AIDS and raise money to assist AIDS victims. The walk started at 10 am and lasted for four hours. We all walked through the city streets in unison and felt as though we were a community. The walk organizers provided all the participants with bottled water and energy drinks, in the course of the walk. This walk had incorporated nearly all the celebrities and other public figures. As we all walked and ran through the city, the national army band thrilled all passersby and the participants. The band played lovely songs that motivated people to continue walking. At the end of the walk, we all converged at the City Hall grounds where the partners and facilitators took us through ways on how we should treat AIDS victims and how we should relate to them. At the start of the AIDS Walk, the participants had formed opinions about the service, partners and personal abilities. Most of the participants thought that the service targeted a specific ethnic group and that it was a disease for gay people. Needless to say, other participants had a mistaken assumption that the partners should help reduce the prevalence of AIDS through the use of drugs alone. The participants also had the misconception that people should not interact with AIDS victims. This makes AIDS victims feel alienated from the society making it extremely difficult for them to open up and share AIDS opinions with the public. Moreover, the participants underestimated their abilities before the start of the walk. Walking 10 kilometers seemed impossible to many of the participants, but they were all surprised. In addition, most of the participants believed that they lacked personal attributes of relating well with AIDS victims. After the walk, all the assumptions held by the participants were proved wrong. Notably, we all gained personal skills on how to treat and relate with AIDS victims. In essence, the students who engage in service learning gain the practical skills and their contexts to provide back to the community the learned skills as services in response to any identified community concerns. The aim of Service learning is to attain equilibrium between service and goals of learning (seifer 1988). This objective fosters critical thinking and ensures there is a connection between theory and experience or practice. The facilitators and the partners noted that AIDS was not a disease for a particular ethnic group and that anyone can be a victim. They cleared the air by indicating that

Deontology and Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deontology and Utilitarianism - Essay Example He is attentive at school, does his homework, participates in class, is cooperative and cheerful, but he doesn’t have many friends. Jake may not have an active social life which makes him unhappy, but he is practicing good deontology. On the other hand, Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its outcome or utility in providing happiness or pleasure (http://wapedia.mobi/en/Utilitarianism). In Utilitarianism, if it benefits the majority, then it is the right choice. For advocates of Utilitarianism, the end justifies the means (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialism). For this example, we will use Sheila, a classmate of Jake. Sheila is very pretty but does not perform as well as Jake academically. However, she has a lot of friends since she joins a lot of extra-curricular activities. Sheila allows most of her male friends to do things for her like homework and projects, which is mutually beneficial for both – with this, Sheila can be marked a bad deontologist but a good utilitarian. Now, applied to the office scenario, the basic premise should be that employees are expected to do their job in the workplace. A business enterprise will not succeed if personal agenda will take precedence over an employee’s duties and responsibilities. Personal matters can be done during breaks but not during business hours. Anything outside of this premise should be considered a breach of company policies and violator/s will have to be dealt with accordingly. The VP suggesting the installation of spyware and dislikes wasted productivity adheres to Deontological Ethics. Conversely, the VP who values privacy over productivity is a follower of Utilitarian Ethics. Although the respect for privacy is given more weight and is applicable to the majority, it does not necessarily mean that this choice is correct.

The Holocaust with Its Many Dimensions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

The Holocaust with Its Many Dimensions - Essay Example This Anti-Semitic movement was planned primarily to deprive the Jews from civil and political liberties that enabled their representation as a nation in Europe which was pointed by Adolf Hitler in order to satisfy his racial hygiene perception. In order to understand the destructive memoirs of the Holocaust we need to scrutinize Adolf Hitler as an individual who conspired the entire movement just because of his own beliefs and perceptions against the Jews and how he analyzed and consumed the vantage point of his power that he possessed right at that point in time. Through out the world the Holocaust period is known as an animation of Adolf Hitler's brutal motives and a symbol of inhumanity acknowledged by the vicious tactics which were employed to slowly or swiftly kill the people. To scrutinize meticulously the entire Holocaust movement with numerous aspects attached with it and most eminently to understand thoroughly the role of Adolf Hitler in this entire genocide can be done no better than through the source of the biography written on Adolf Hitler by 'Ian Kershaw'. This book was introduced to the literary world as just another brilliant addition to the Holocaust literature, but it differentiates itself from the typical in-depth Holocaust explanation solely because it projects for the most part Hitler's perception and his brutal aims and objectives leading directly towards the wiping off of Jews from the European realm completely which was his ultimate political objective. The author Ian Kershaw is a renowned historian and a professor teaching modern history at the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom. Ian Kershaw has primarily specialized in the medieval period and Nazi-Germany which inspired him to write numerous books on the respective subjects out of which most of the books were especially dedicated to the Holocaust period. This book was based on two volumes but eventually the fast track sales of this book convinced the literary world to combine the two to welcome a great source of understanding and innovative perceptions that Ian Kershaw introduced through this work of literature regarding the Holocaust and Adolf Hitler. Further description: Ian Kershaw with the inception of the book describes Hitler as someone who mistakenly entered the political sphere because as we recall correctly Hitler always aspired to be a famous painter which proves his credibility as a politician since he had no political upbringing or any sort of background for that matter. Kershaw also pointed out meticulously that Hitler entered the political sphere solely on the basis of his rhetorical capabilities which were out-standing if evaluated through his structured and coherent quality of speeches and regardless of what his political aims were. Moving on, the book explores Hitler's over all personality claiming like most of the texts based on Holocaust that Hitler had no private life possibly because he was so focused towards achieving his brutal revenge of a goal and because his possession of ultimate power at last required political participation every second of the day. "The book chooses to

Chinese traditional value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chinese traditional value - Essay Example However, the Chinese traditional values demonstrate the rich history of Confucian culture that emphasis on respect for the elderly and caring for the needy. As far as cultural values are trusted as vital elements in determining the behaviors of members of the society, it is not possible to hear, touch or even taste their existence. This is because cultural values are passionately contained within the hearts of the members of the society where it would be maintained through all dynasties. In contrary to western countries, Chinese has its own unique values, very distinct in terms of morals standards and attitudes some of as identified below (Hofstede 243).THESIS: Chinese traditional values significantly differ with the western traditional cultures. Chinese falls amongst the countries that experience high cultural contexts and for this reason, they exhibit a lot of collectivism in contrary to western countries which endorse a culture of individualism especially in terms of power, what has been gained or what is expected to be gained. Chinese has put at the forefront the recognition of collectivism and value to all members of the society. Their culture is an impediment and labeled with all efforts of synergy as everybody get equal measure of treatment as one unified group. Going by this cultural practice, Chinese value recognizes collectivism as compared to individual identity. Due to such reasons, much attention is given to group unity than self-attention and personal opinions. Moreover, they believed that anybody practicing self-assertive behavior is of disgrace to the society and should awarded no respect since he poses extreme danger on unity or peaceful coexistence between members of the group and the society at large. In s imple terms, all members of the group must harmonize co-existence with each other through allegiance, loyalty, participation and equitable sharing

Behavior and Communication Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Behavior and Communication Paper - Essay Example The various awards and accolades received by the corporation attested to the exemplary commitment of the Starbucks to nurture the human spirit through the exemplary products being offered, as well as through serving the interests of its stakeholders. The types of communication that Starbucks uses for internal purposes include inter-office communication modes such as email, social networking sites (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, My Starbucks Idea), and through phone. Likewise, for external communication, its official website disseminates contact numbers through the ‘contact us’ portal where email, mail, phone, and customer service links are provided. Since the culture of the organization focuses on inclusion and diversity, as well as commitment to nurturing the human spirit, their types and modes of communication are consistent with the organization’s culture. Through open lines of communication in various modes and medium, Starbucks has signified a proactive and determined stance to generate inputs, comments, suggestions, and inquiries from its varied stakeholders (employees, customers, investors, shareholders, management, suppliers, and community members). Concurrently, their pronounced commitment for social and corporate responsibility also attests to the dedication to their organizational culture, as well as the values of diversity and inclusion being promoted. The information being made available to the public through their official website conforms to their commitment to the organization’s culture through signifying that all facets of operations, as well as the strategies designed to achieve their mission, vi sion, and goals are explicitly communicated to their stakeholders. The espoused values of taking extra care of their products, partners, employees, the environment, and the community, definitely align with the enacted

Brose Case Study Essay Example for Free

Brose Case Study Essay What is the Brose Groups business and what are the critical success factors (CSF’s) in a business like Brose’s? [lists] * International automobile industry and delivery mechatronic system and electric drives to automotive manufacturers and suppliers * Brose standardize their operation, and uses ERP application. * Well-established Information technology management * Hire professional consultants to train employees * to better use ERP application system 2. What operational, management and control, and corporate learning/innovation challenges were faced by Brose during its rapid expansion over the last two decades? table] Operational | Management and control| The implementation of ERP system may cause a significant number of change within an organization | Lower total costs of information management information technology investment | The potential lake of in house skills and users’ resistance | 5. What steps did they take to minimize the risks associated with this kind of deployment? [list] * Reengineer business process, develop a detailed requirements specification, conduct system prior to the system implementation and closely monitor the system’s performance * Formulation of he steering committee, appointment of project sponsor, and internal audit’s involvement * Train project team, the establishment of a close working relationship between consultant and project team * Management support, user’s involvement.

Helpful and intelligent Essay Example for Free

Helpful and intelligent Essay From his hovel, the monster notices a nearby cottage occupied by the De Lacey family. He observes them cautiously from a safe distance as he now recognises mans potential to be cruel. This shows us again that the monster is constantly developing, and experiencing a variety of different emotions, such as love. Love is portrayed in Frankenstein after he watches the daily routine of the De Laceys (through a small gap in the wooden panes, previous to where the window was. This is a sign that they were not very wealthy). He discovers the sound of music through the old, blind man playing his recorder. This enchants him and he begins to admire this family. After this point his mixed emotions are so strong when watching Agathe and the old man, so strong that he cannot bear to watch the family anymore. (the music touched his heart and he felt a mixture of both pain and pleasure with love) He gradually learns more about them and increases his intelligence while doing so. He knows that they live in poverty and so his admiration grows for them, also for their wonderful appearance, as he is unaware of ugliness and deformity. He shows a caring side of himself when he became devoted to help the De Laceys by cutting wood. This monster becomes generous, helpful and intelligent. He also decided to satisfy himself with berries, nuts and roots instead of eating tastier food that they ate. This implies that this so called brute was also thoughtful. The monsters narrative tells us that he is determined character who would do anything to belong, he attempted to learn the English language to hopefully reason with the De Laceys and make them realise that he wasnt a wretched evil brute but a kind-hearted being. He was doing well until he saw his reflection in a pool of water. This part of the story (Chapter 12, page 109) is significant in tracing the change of his character because he was mortified with his appearance and became miserable. He now knew entirely why he was hated in the previous village; it was for his monstrous, alien appearance. He became aware of all the racial prejudice in the world and realised that this was the source of all his problems. Knowing this made the monster bitter at man, however he still thought of the De Lacey family as wonderful and still he wanted to restore happiness to these deserving people.  Other experiences the monster undergoes during Chapter 12 are his first realisations of the four seasons. This happens when he found that different flowers grew at different times of the year. This is another example of his developing intelligence. The next vital point in the development and change of the monster is the arrival of Safie, an Arabian woman not knowing the English language. This immensely profited him because during Safies stay with the De Laceys she began to take lessons to speak English. The monster therefore also learned the language at a rapid pace. Also in Chapter 13 we see a very sensitive side of the Monster when he is describing the nature surrounding him. (innumerable flowers, sweet to the scent and the eyes, stars of pale radiance among the moonlight woods) While Safie remains in the De Lacey household the monster begins to learn more about human nature, especially involving the love between a man (Felix) and a woman (Safie). He could not believe the ecstatic joy that Felix was in when meeting Safie, when before he seemed to be so miserable. He realises that they were both affected by different feelings, Felix by the way his cheeks flushed with pleasure and Safie by how she wiped tears from her lovely eyes. The monster observes more involving human nature when he heard of the difference of sexes and the birth and growth of children, he also heard of the different relationships between humans such as mother, father, brother and sister. This is the first stage of his life when he asks himself, where are my friends and relations? To his recollection he has had no one to care for him and remembers nothing before his first account in his narrative story. He genuinely questions what and who he is and so again we feel sympathy. The monster emotionally develops from what he learns of human nature, this occurs when Safie sings to Agatha and the old man. This deeply moves him as her voice at once brought tears of delight and joy from his eyes. He described the music as a rich cadence, swelling or dying away like a nightingale of the woods. His reaction to her singing again brings out his sensitivity.  The monster while constantly developing his knowledge of English, (now with the help of Safies lessons) still longs companionship with the De Laceys. He feels that he needs to be part of this wonderful family. Although he understands that he has been previously rejected and seen as an ugly wretch, he believes that the power of language can overcome the deformity of his face. However much he hopes that he will be accepted, he still remains conscious of his previous encounters with man. The monster remains fearful of how the De Laceys will react to him.  The next part of the monsters narrative (Chapter 14) relates little to himself but his knowledge increases of the De Laceys history, before they moved to Germany. The monster discovered such information from several letters written from Safie to Felix. Here we find that he has learnt more skills, the skills to read and write. The monster later decides to copy these letters himself to bring truth to his tale, for Victor Frankenstein. From these letters we learn an awful lot about the De Laceys, such as that previously they led wealthy lifestyles in Paris. He learnt that their wealth was lost when a Turkish merchant was condemned to death for becoming obnoxious towards the French government. This affected the De Laceys because Felix vowed to help the Turk escape and did so. (In return he was offered a reward but he declined; however he agreed to marry the merchants daughter, Safie) When learning from the De Laceys he also confirmed the relationship between the family. The old man is known as De Lacey and is father to Felix and Agatha. It was of course illegal to do this and so this resulted in the De Laceys being exiled. Knowing all this improved the monsters understanding of why the De Laceys seemed so unhappy and he now fully realised the poverty they were in.

Assessment Of The Validity Of Legal Realism Philosophy Essay

Assessment Of The Validity Of Legal Realism Philosophy Essay The turn of the 20th century instigated the rejection of the formalism movement of John Austin, Jeremy Bentham, John Mill and David Hume. Realists sought to put in its place a more sociological account of the law in action.  [2]  The three leading members of the American realist movement were Oliver Wendell Holmes Jnr,  [3]  Jerome Frank  [4]  and Karl N. Llewellyn.  [5]  67 Principles Realists were preoccupied with empirical questions such as attempting to identify the sociological and psychological factors influencing judicial decision making.  [8]  One could argue that their implicit conceptual loyalties were positivist in theory, as they did not reject the notion that courts may be constrained by rules. However, realists did argue that the Courts exercise discretion much more often than is generally supposed.  [9]  Further they denied the naturalist and positivist views that Judges were influenced mainly by legal rules, they (realists) attach greater significance to political and moral intuitions about the facts of a case.  [10]   II American Realists A. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jnr Oliver Wendell Holmes Jnr (Holmes) could be called the intellectual and spiritual father of American Realism, and played a fundamental part in bringing about a changed attitude to law.  [11]  Holmes attempted to formulate a theory of law that was both responsive and stable for the changing nature of modern life.  [12]  13He commenced with the fundamental question of liability: What duty do human beings owe to one another?  [14]   Formalist legal doctrine held that there could be no liability without fault, that people should not be held responsible for acts that they did not cause or over which they had no control.  [15]  16Holmes considered an alternative to this intent standard that If the act was voluntary, it is totally immaterial that the detriment which followed from it was neither intended nor due to the negligence of the actor (ie. strict liability).  [17]  Holmes argued that the proper object of the law was to publicize social duties by giving individuals a fair chance to avoid harm before being responsible for it it was not to instil individual morality through punishment.  [18]   Holmes believed in defining the law by reference to what the Court actually said it was, to consider what the law is, not what it ought to be.  [19]  He famously declared The common law is not a brooding omnipresence in the sky, but the articulate voice of some sovereign or quasi sovereign that can be identified.  [20]   Further, Holmes introduced the bad man. As a moral skeptic, Holmes stated if you want to know the law and nothing else, you must look at it as a bad man, who cares only for the material consequences which such knowledge enables him to predict.  [21]  Holmes defined the law in accordance with his pragmatic judicial philosophy. He believed that legal developments could be scientifically justified: the true science of law consisted in the establishment of its postulates from within upon accurately measured social desires instead of tradition.  [22]   B. Jerome Frank Jerome Frank (Frank) has been described as the most radical of the American realists.  [23]  Frank believed that there are two groups of realists, rule skeptics who regard legal uncertainty as residing principally in the paper rules of law and who seek to discover uniformities in actual judicial behaviour, and fact skeptics, who think that the unpredictability of court decisions resides primarily in the elusiveness of facts.  [24]  The former, Frank proposes, makes the mistake of concentrating on appellate courts, whereas it is to the actions of trial courts that attention should be most directed.  [25]   Frank believed that for most realists, in their preoccupation with appellate courts, missed the important aspect of unpredictability in the judicial process: the elusiveness of facts.  [26]  Thus, the various prejudices of judges and jurors  [27]  often crucially affect the outcome of a case.  [28]   Further, the main impetus of Franks attack was directed against the notion that certainty could be achieved through legal rules.  [29]  Frank believed this to be absurd.  [30]  Frank stressed that the text-book approach, which treats the law as no more than a collection of abstract rules, is grossly misleading and that much of legal uncertainty is inherent and not due to deliberate mystification.  [31]  We want the law to be certain, Frank stated, because of our deep need for security and safety which is endemic to children.  [32]  As a child places his/her trust in the wisdom of his/her father, so we seek in the law and other institutions a similarly comforting security.  [33]   C. Karl N. Llewellyn Karl Lleyellyns (Llewellyn) most noteworthy contribution to realism is his functionalism, which perceives law as serving certain fundamental functions.  [34]  35For Llewellyn, an institution is an organised activity which is built around doing a job or a cluster of jobs. A major institutions job cluster is fundamental to the continuance of the society or group in which it operates.  [36]  If society is to survive, certain basic needs must be satisfied, which engenders conflict which must be resolved.  [37]   Much of Llewellyns interest has been focussed on what Llewellyn calls the ways in which in various types of community the law jobs are actually carried out.  [38]  Law Jobs are the basic functions of the law, which, for Llewellyn, are two-fold: to make group survival possible, but additionally, to quest for justice, efficiency and a richer life.  [39]   Law jobs are identified as being the: disposition of troubled cases; preventive channelling and the reorientation of conduct and expectations so as to avoid trouble; allocation of authority and the arrangement of procedures which legitimatize action as being authoritative; net organisation of the group or society as a whole so as to provide direction and incentive.  [40]   Llewellyn sees these law jobs as universal  [41]  and regards the most important job the law has is the disposition of troubled cases.  [42]  He puts forward his theory of them as a general framework for the functional analysis of law.  [43]  The first three law jobs describe bare bones law, but out of them may emerge, although Llewellyn gives no indication how, the additional questing phase of the legal order.  [44]   Further, in addition to major institutions, there are also minor institutions such as crafts which consist of the skills held by a body of specialists,  [45]  handed down from generation to generation by a process of education and practical example.  [46]  The practice of law is the practice of a set of crafts, and of these one of the most important is what is called the juristic method.  [47]   In the common law, says Llewellyn, the practice of the courts has fluctuated between two types of style which he names the Grand Style and the Formal Style. The Grand Style is based on an appeal to reason and does not involve a following of precedent; regard is paid to the reputation of the Judge deciding the earlier case, and principle is consulted in order to ensure that precedent is not a mere verbal tool, but a generalisation which yields patent sense as well as order.  [48]  Policy, comes in for explicit examination and the Grand Style is also categorised by resort to what Llewellyn calls situation sense.  [49]  The Formal Style is not so concerned with social facts.  [50]  Its underlying notion is that the rules of law decide the cases and policy is for the legislature not for the Courts.  [51]  This approach is authoritarian, formal and logical.  [52]   In the early nineteenth century, the Grand Style was employed, although, from the middle of the nineteenth century Llewellyn detected a shift towards the Formal Style.  [53]  However, by the middle of the twentieth century evidence shows a shift back to the Grand Style, a development which Llewellyn applauded by remarking as the best device ever invented by man for drying up that free-flowing spring of uncertainty, conflict between the seeming commands of the authorities and the felt demands of justice.  [54]   III Critics of Legal Realism Critics have branded legal realists as anti-democratic and totalitarian.  [55]  56Their core claim being, according to author Brian Leiter, that judges respond primarily to the stimulus of facts decisions are reached on the basis of a judicial consideration of what seems fair on the facts of the case, rather than on the basis of the applicable legal rule.  [57]   Further, Frank has been characterized as the prime representative of the radical tendency in American legal realism the realist who turned his back on legal rules and declared them to be well nigh valueless.  [58]  This characterization became official, as it were, with the publication of Professor Harts  [59]  (Hart) The Concept of Law in 1961.  [60]   In distinguishing formalism and realist rule-scepticism, Hart criticizes the rule-sceptics for focussing only on the function of rules in judicial decisions and ignoring those secondary rules which confer judicial and legislative power.  [61]  Hart found Franks work to be illustrative of the sceptical tradition in American legal realism,  [62]  although Frank himself distinguished scepticism as to rules and scepticism as to facts, declaring himself to be a fact-sceptic.  [63]   Llewellyns work has also attracted criticism from a number of standpoints.  [64]  From insisting on the universality of his law jobs, Alan Hunt argues that he  [65]  stumbles into a major theoretical deficiency of functionalism of imposing on disparate phenomena, from different societies and different historical periods, an a priori unity.  [66]  Further, William Twining (Twining) concedes that the Grand Style/Formal Style dichotomy has its drawbacks for it may be dangerous and misleading to pidgeon-hole judges or courts into styles as it is to lump jurists into schools.  [67]  68 IV Support for Legal Realism Holmes was concerned with promoting a new and more experimental and constructive attitude to social life and thought, but avoided making any specific proposals as a programme to be realised.  [69]  Author, John Dewey praised Holmes on this very ground, because he had no social panaceas to dole out, no fixed social programme, no code of fixed ends to be realised.  [70]   However, in Twinings view the main achievement of the realist movement was to concretise sociological jurisprudenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [71]  The relationship between the realist movement and sociological jurisprudence is a strong one.  [72]  Its connections with psychology, anthropology, economics and sociology are clear.  [73]   Further, author Brian Leiter (Leiter) sought to remedy many of the myths and misconceptions surrounding American realism.  [74]  Leiter challenges the view that realism is a  [75]  jurisprudential joke, a tissue of philosophical confusion.  [76]  Leiter maintains that it is time for legal philosophers to stop treating realism as a discredited historical antique, and start looking at the movement with the sympathetic eye it deserves.  [77]   Leiter believes that Harts sweeping dismissal of rule scepticism as the claim that talk of rules is a myth, cloaking the truth that law consists simply of the decisions of courts and predictions of them,  [78]  is an unfair misrepresentation of its members contributions to legal theory.  [79]  Thus, by demonstrating the limitations of a doctrinal account of law without a proper empirical investigation of the manner in which legal doctrine functions in society, the American realists unquestionably paved the way to the sociological approach to the law.  [80]   V Assessment of the validity of Legal Realism American Legal Realism in most of its manifestation, albeit that it was sceptical, can be described as fairly mainstream, it was not radical or subversive, it simply asked one to examine the law a practical phenomenon, rather than as an idealised natural law or legal positivist edifice. It is an antidote to the declaratory theory of law that asserts that law is determinate and certain and based on legal principles and the doctrine of precedent. Although, one may regard realism as shallow today, to assess the validity of legal realism, one must judge the pragmatic movement by its fruits, such as the impact it has had on legal education, the judicial process, legal anthropology, legal history, and legal sociology. In many respects sociological jurisprudence is an outgrowth of legal realism. Sociological jurisprudence developed from the same impulse to study the way the law works in an empirical or scientific experimental method. Further, realism indirectly engendered two movements Jurimetrics  [81]  and Behavouralism. These movements have taken over from where legal realism left off, for whilst the realists had some inspired ideas, developed a number of theoretical models, and urged us to exploit the social and technological science, these newer movements are firmly established within the mainstream of the social sciences and use techniques associated with them freely and to valuable effect.  [82]  

Rendell Company Case Study Essay -- Business Case Study Essays, solut

Rendell Company Case Study Executive Summary This report will give us a clear perspective as to what the optimal organizational structure that suits Rendell Company plus some additional control system in attaining the company’s main objectives. We will be also tackling the roles, functions and responsibilities of a controller in an organization. This case takes us into Rendell Company which is currently having problems between the corporate controller and the divisional controller. We assessed the advantages and disadvantages of the organization structure of Martex whether it can be applied and be implemented to Rendell Company in order to resolve the problem. Through the frameworks and issues, we concluded that while current setup would cause some budgetary discrepancies because of the lack of loyalty between the divisional controllers to the corporate controller, changing the organization structure of Martex would cause a disparity between the division manager and the divisional controller thus resulting in an anxiety in their working environment which is too costly as compared to maintaining the current setup. I. Case Context Rendell Company is experiencing some difficulties in implementing its modern control techniques due to the irking relationship between the divisional controller and the corporate controller (Mr. Bevins) resulting in an added fat to the organization’s budgets. Now, with these problems, Mr. Bevins is interested with the organizational structure of Martex if this will be the solution of the current problem. II. Problem definition How Should Rendell resolve the current reporting relationship of the corporate controller and the divisional controllers to achieve goal congruence? Is the controller relationship of Martex better than that of Rendell’s current organizational relationships? III. Framework The group worked out on these following considerations in resolving the issue: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First we identify the company objective which is to achieve profitability and growth. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attaining goal congruence within the organization is important to support the company’s main objective. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Analysis of the current organization and reporting structure by evaluating its strengths and weaknesses. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assessment of the proposed organizational set-up (patterned from the set-up of Martex) by evaluating whether implementa... ...ke more active involvement in the budget VI. Basic Justification Since an accounting system is already in place in Rendell, change may not be easily accepted by the concerned divisions. Such changes may cause a dysfunction in the organizational structure since making division controllers report directly to corporate controller might cause destabilization in the structure of authority in the divisions. Loyalty issues may also arise because division managers may feel by-passed or spied-upon which may cause more problems in the long run. Thus, more importance should be given in preserving the power structure in each division. It is better that the company face the problem of having fats in the expense budget rather than give up order in each division and jeopardize the established line of authority. As a conclusion, maintaining the current setup would be better than changing it into the structure of Martex in achieving the goals and objectives of Rendell Company. VII. Operationalize / Implementing our Decision Implementing our decision would include retaining the current setup and adapt changes (as mentioned on our decision) from Martex to reduce the â€Å"fat† in the budget.

Management and Leadership Essay -- Manager Business Leading Essays Lea

Management and Leadership Within the organizational structure of most businesses you will likely find management and leadership coexisting. Commonly, the words are often substituted for one another. However, each word has a distinctly different definition. A manager does not necessarily make a good manager. Management is defined as those individuals in an organization that have the authority and the responsibility to manage the organization through the control of production processes and ensuring that they operate efficiently and effectively. Leadership is defined as the skills and ability to set future goals in accordance with the organizational goals and to communicate those goals to other employees in such a way that they voluntarily and harmoniously work together to accomplish those goals for the benefit of the organization. In this paper, I will differentiate between management and leadership. Any organization needs to be managed, even a one-person company has to be managed. A manager has four key responsibilities: 1) planning, 2) organizing, 3) leading, and 4) controlling. Management can also be defined as the function that determines how the organization?s human, financial, physical, informational, and technical resources are arranged and coordinated to perform tasks towards achievement of strategic goals. Leadership implies that the manager has fundamental knowledge about critical processes. A leader is focused on ensuring the creation of strategies, systems, and methods for achieving excellence and building knowledge and capabilities. Leaders are focused more on creating an enthusiastic work environment for all of a company?s employees. In other words leadership is to help people do a better job through coaching, facilitating, and by creating environments that support the aim of the organization. Leadership is the ability of a manager to train employees, remove institutional roadblocks, and empower employees. (Stern and Kren, 2002). The common thread in differentiating between management and leadership seems to be that management is more involved with monitoring the details of the daily operations and leadership is about invoking the changes necessary to continuously move towards an organization?s vision. I have also found that in all of the success stories read, the common points are that the leaders took a different approach into the... ... successful. I attribute the main reason to the fact that they are in control of the reward along with the recognition. In summary, management is about control through a series of control mechanisms and although leadership is one of the four principles of management, leadership is a combination of personal traits and skills that directly affects the opinions and attitudes of people, leading to changes in behavior. A person can be an effective manager but that does not necessarily make that person an effective leader. Leadership is about insight towards the future and helping individual employees and groups of employees to accept uncertainty, because they have confidence that the leader will provide solutions to any problems that may arise. References Stern, Kenneth and Kren, Lawrence (2004, December 9). Machine design. Know and grow. Retrieved January 17, 2005, from University of Phoenix Online, ProQuest Database Website: http://web22.epnet.com/externalframe. asp?tb=1&_ug=sid+553EA1C5%2D2133%2D4C4D%2D976B%2D01F560CA7714%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph%2Cf5h%2Cbuh%2Cawh%2Cufh+cp+1+6C31&_us=hs+False+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+%2D1+dstb+KS+ri+KAAACBSC00041487+ED56&_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db Management and Leadership Essay -- Manager Business Leading Essays Lea Management and Leadership Within the organizational structure of most businesses you will likely find management and leadership coexisting. Commonly, the words are often substituted for one another. However, each word has a distinctly different definition. A manager does not necessarily make a good manager. Management is defined as those individuals in an organization that have the authority and the responsibility to manage the organization through the control of production processes and ensuring that they operate efficiently and effectively. Leadership is defined as the skills and ability to set future goals in accordance with the organizational goals and to communicate those goals to other employees in such a way that they voluntarily and harmoniously work together to accomplish those goals for the benefit of the organization. In this paper, I will differentiate between management and leadership. Any organization needs to be managed, even a one-person company has to be managed. A manager has four key responsibilities: 1) planning, 2) organizing, 3) leading, and 4) controlling. Management can also be defined as the function that determines how the organization?s human, financial, physical, informational, and technical resources are arranged and coordinated to perform tasks towards achievement of strategic goals. Leadership implies that the manager has fundamental knowledge about critical processes. A leader is focused on ensuring the creation of strategies, systems, and methods for achieving excellence and building knowledge and capabilities. Leaders are focused more on creating an enthusiastic work environment for all of a company?s employees. In other words leadership is to help people do a better job through coaching, facilitating, and by creating environments that support the aim of the organization. Leadership is the ability of a manager to train employees, remove institutional roadblocks, and empower employees. (Stern and Kren, 2002). The common thread in differentiating between management and leadership seems to be that management is more involved with monitoring the details of the daily operations and leadership is about invoking the changes necessary to continuously move towards an organization?s vision. I have also found that in all of the success stories read, the common points are that the leaders took a different approach into the... ... successful. I attribute the main reason to the fact that they are in control of the reward along with the recognition. In summary, management is about control through a series of control mechanisms and although leadership is one of the four principles of management, leadership is a combination of personal traits and skills that directly affects the opinions and attitudes of people, leading to changes in behavior. A person can be an effective manager but that does not necessarily make that person an effective leader. Leadership is about insight towards the future and helping individual employees and groups of employees to accept uncertainty, because they have confidence that the leader will provide solutions to any problems that may arise. References Stern, Kenneth and Kren, Lawrence (2004, December 9). Machine design. Know and grow. Retrieved January 17, 2005, from University of Phoenix Online, ProQuest Database Website: http://web22.epnet.com/externalframe. asp?tb=1&_ug=sid+553EA1C5%2D2133%2D4C4D%2D976B%2D01F560CA7714%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph%2Cf5h%2Cbuh%2Cawh%2Cufh+cp+1+6C31&_us=hs+False+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+%2D1+dstb+KS+ri+KAAACBSC00041487+ED56&_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db

Alcoholism - No Easy Solution Essay examples -- Argumentative Persuasi

Alcoholism - No Easy Solution Mike Brake’s â€Å"Needed: A License to Drink† is a well-written essay that covers the serious issue of alcoholism and goes on to offer a creative proposal to solve the situation. Brake addresses alcoholism as a â€Å"primary public health-problem† which holds merit, considering Brake sites alcohol is the cause of 19,000 auto fatalities each year. To remedy these preventable fatalities, Brake proposes to institute a national system of licensing with appropriate penalties for violators. He goes on to say that these licenses should be issued the same way as driver’s licenses. An applicant would have to read a manual, and take a written exam which would include questions such as â€Å"How many drinks would it take to intoxicate a 150lb man?† and â€Å"What is the penalty for drunk driving?† After passing the written test applicants would be issued a drinking license that would be required for buying any alcoholic drink. Brake bases his credibility on the tragic premature loss of four family members due to alcoholism which he refers to as a â€Å"deadly disease† (Brake 135). And although it would never be acceptable to wish such terror on anyone, the misfortune is not enough to qualify a person as an expert. Brake presents strong family values and plays into the reader’s compassion for loved ones. Brake also spent two years working as a counselor in a chemical-dependency treatment center, where he gained first hand experience working with a young man who passed out while smoking and a nurse who lost her license and became a prostitute. However he mistakenly forgets the patient explanation as to why a young man who passed out while smoking and a nurse who turned prostitute, is relevant to the problem of alcoholism. If ... ... can not present a legitimate argument, second alcoholism is not a disease and so each person must find it in themselves to stop, or they have family that really loves them and help them stop. Third it would cause more problems then it is solving, and finally it would cost the general public more money then it is worth. Works Cited. Brake, Mike. "Needed: A License to Drink." The Genre of Argument. Ed. Rosenberg. Boston, MA: Thomson Heinle, March 14, 1994. 135-136. Falcone, Timothy J. "Alcoholism and Drug Addiction FAQ's Saint Jude Retreat House. 19 April 2004. Online. Internet. 19 April 2004. Available: http://www.soberforever.net/FAQ1.cfm. "National Highway Traffic Saftey Administration." Operating Administrations, U.S. DOT FY 2005 Budget in Brief. 19 April 2004. Online. Internet. 19 April 2004. Available: http://www.dot.gov/bib2005/admins.html#nhtsa.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 28

They walked right by the weeping door-guards. But very quickly, they discovered that while almost everyone was listening to Lady Fazina, in each room of the palace that was open to the public, a black-clad, white-gloved steward awaited, ready to give out information, and to keep a watchful eye on his lady's possessions. The first room that gave them any kind of hope was Lady Fazina's Hall of Harpery, a room devoted entirely to the display of harps, from ancient, bowlike, single-stringed instruments, undoubtedly played by individuals who were similar to cavedwellers, to tall, gilded, orchestral harps like the one Fazina was now playing, the music audible throughout the palace. Magic, Elena thought again. They seem to use it here instead of technology. â€Å"Each kind of harp has a unique key to tune the strings,† Meredith whispered, looking down the length of the hall. On each side the line of harps marched into the distance. â€Å"One of those keys might be the key.† â€Å"But how will we even know?† Bonnie was fanning herself lightly with her peacock feather fan. â€Å"What's the difference between a harp key and the fox key?† â€Å"I don't know. And I've never heard of a key being kept in a harp, either. It would rattle around the sound box every time the harp shifted slightly,† Meredith admitted. Elena bit her lip. It was such a simple, reasonable question. She should feel dismayed, should be wondering how they could ever find one small half of a key in this place. Especially considering that the clue they had – that it was in the Silver Nightingale's instrument, suddenly seemed absurd. â€Å"I don't suppose,† Bonnie said a little giddily, â€Å"that the instrument is her voice, and that if we reach down her throat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena turned to look at Meredith, who was looking heavenward – or at whatever was above this hideous dimension. â€Å"I know,† Meredith said. â€Å"No more drinks for birdbrain here. Although I suppose it's possible that they give out little silver whistles or instruments as favors – all big parties used to do that, you know – give you a gift.† â€Å"How,† Damon said in a carefully expressionless tone, â€Å"would they possibly get the key into a favor for a party being given at least weeks away, and how could they ever hope to retrieve it? Misao might as well have told Elena, ‘We threw the key away.'† â€Å"Well,† began Meredith, â€Å"I'm not at all sure that they did mean for the keys to be retrievable, even by them. And Misao could have meant ‘You'd have to search all the garbage from the night of this gala' – or some other party Fazina performed at. I imagine she gets asked to play at a lot of other people's parties, too.† Elena hated bickering, even though she was a champion bickerer herself. But she was a goddess tonight. Nothing was impossible. If only she could remember†¦ Something like white lightning struck her brain. For just an instant – one instant – she was back, struggling with Misao. Misao was in her fox form, biting and scratching – and snarling out a reply to Elena's question about where the two halves of the fox key were. â€Å"As if you would understand the answers I could give. If I told you that one was inside the silver nightingale's instrument, would that give you any kind of idea?† Yes. Those had been the exact words, the real words that Misao had spoken. Elena heard her own voice, repeating the words distinctly now. And then she felt something like an arc of lightning leave her mind – only to meet another's not far away. The next thing she knew her eyes were flying open in surprise because Bonnie was speaking in that blank toneless way she always did when making a prophecy: â€Å"Each half of the fox key is shaped like a single fox, with two ears, two eyes, and a snout. The two fox key halves are gold and covered with gems – and their eyes are green. The key you seek is yet in the Silver Nightingale's instrument.† â€Å"Bonnie!† Elena said. She could see that Bonnie's knees were trembling, her eyes unfocused. Then they opened and Elena watched as confusion surged in to fill the blankness. â€Å"What's going on?† Bonnie said, looking around to see everyone looking at her. â€Å"What – what happened?† â€Å"You told us what the fox keys look like!† Elena couldn't help this exclamation – almost a shout of joy. Now that they knew what they were looking for they could free Stefan; they would free Stefan. Nothing would stop Elena now. Bonnie had just helped move this quest to an entirely different level. But while she was quaking inside with joy at the prophecy, Meredith, in her own level-headed way, was taking care of the prophet. Meredith said quietly, â€Å"She's probably going to faint. Would you please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Meredith didn't have to ask further, for the vampires, Damon and Sage, were each quick enough to catch and support Bonnie on opposite sides. Damon was staring down at the diminutive girl in surprise. â€Å"Thanks, Meredith,† Bonnie said, and let out a breath, blinking. â€Å"I don't think I'll faint,† she added, and then with a glance up at Damon through her lashes, â€Å"But it's probably just as well to make sure.† Damon nodded and got a better grip, looking serious. Sage turned half away, seeming to have something stuck in his throat. â€Å"What did I say? I don't remember!† And after Elena had solemnly repeated Bonnie's words it was just like Meredith to say, â€Å"You're sure now, Bonnie? Does that sound right?† â€Å"I'm sure. I'm positive,† Elena cut in. She was positive. The Goddess Ishtar and Bonnie had unlocked the past for her and shown her the key. â€Å"All right. What if Bonnie and Sage and I take this room, and two of us can be distracting the steward, while the third looks in the harps for keys?† Meredith suggested. â€Å"Right. Let's do it!† Elena said. Meredith's plan proved to be more difficult in practice than it sounded. Even with two glorious young girls in the room and one terminally fit guy, the steward kept spinning in little circles and catching one or another of them handling and peering into a harp. Naturally, the handling was strictly forbidden. It put the harps further out of tune and it could easily damage them, especially since the only way to make absolutely sure that a small golden key was not in a harp's sound box was to actually shake the harp and listen for rattling. Worse, each of the harps was displayed in its own little nook, complete with dramatic lighting, a flamboyant painted screen behind it (most of them portraits of Fazina playing the harp in question), and a plush red rope across the front of the nook that said â€Å"Keep Out† as plainly as a sign. In the end Bonnie, Meredith, and Sage resorted to having Sage Influence the steward to be entirely passive – something he was only able to do for a few minutes of time, or the steward would notice the gaps in Lady Fazina's program. They would then each frantically search harps while the steward stood like a wax figure. Meanwhile Damon and Elena were wandering the palace, looking through the rest of the mansion that was off-limits to visitors. If they found nothing, they intended to search the more available rooms as the gala continued. It was dangerous work, this stealing in and out of darkened, cordoned-off – often locked – empty rooms: dangerous and strangely thrilling to Elena. Somehow, it seemed that fear and passion were more closely related than she had fully realized. Or at least, it seemed that way with her and Damon. Elena couldn't help noticing and admiring little things about him. He seemed to be able to pick any lock with a single little implement he produced from inside his black jacket, the way other people produce fountain pens, and he had such a swift, graceful way of taking the pick out and putting it back in. Economy of motion, she knew, earned by living for around five centuries. Also, no one could argue it: Damon seemed to keep his head in any situation, which made them a good pair right now when she was striding around like a goddess who could not be bound by the rules of mortals. This was even enhanced by the scares she got: shapes that looked like guards or sentries looming up at her turned out to be a stuffed bear, a slim cupboard, and something Damon didn't allow her more than a glimpse of, but what looked like a mummified human. Damon wasn't fazed by any of them. If I could just channel some more Power to my eyes, Elena thought, and things immediately brightened up. Her Power was obeying her! God! I'll have to wear this dress for the rest of my life: it makes me feel so†¦powerful. So†¦unashamed. I'll have to wear it to college, if I ever get to college, to impress my professors; and to Stefan's and my wedding – just so people understand I'm not a slut; and – to the beach, just to give the guys something to ogle†¦ She stifled a giggle and was surprised to see Damon glance with mock reproach at her. Of course, he was as closely focused on her as she was on him. But it was a slightly different case, of course, because, to his eyes, she wore a big label with STRAWBERRY JAM written on it, tied around her neck. And he was getting hungry again. Very hungry. Next time I'm going to see that you eat properly before you go out, she thought at him. Let's worry about succeeding this time before we start planning for next time, he returned, with just the faintest firefly hint of his 250-kilowatt smile. But it was all mixed in, of course, with a little of the sardonic triumph that Damon always carried with him. Elena swore to herself that laugh at her as he might, beg her as he might, threaten or cajole as he might, she wouldn't give Damon the satisfaction of even one nip tonight. He could just pop the top off another jam pot, she thought. Eventually, the sweet music of the concert was stilled and Elena and Damon dashed back to meet with Bonnie, Meredith, and Sage in the Harpery Hall. Elena could have guessed the news by Bonnie's stance, even if she hadn't already known from Sage's silence. But the news was worse than Elena could have imagined: not only had the three found nothing in the Harpery Hall, but they had finally resorted to quizzing the steward, who could speak, if not move, under Sage's Influence. â€Å"And guess what he told us,† Bonnie said, and added before anyone could venture a word, â€Å"Those harps are each cleaned and tuned every single day. Fazina has, like, a whole army of servants for them. And anything, anything that didn't belong to a harp would be reported at once. And nothing has been! It just isn't there!† Elena felt herself shrink from omniscient goddess to baffled human. â€Å"I was worried it would be like this,† she admitted, sighing. â€Å"It would have been just too easy the other way. All right, Plan B. You mingle with the gala guests, trying to get a look at each room that's open to the public. Try to dazzle Fazina's consort and pump him for information. See if Misao and Shinichi have been here recently. Damon and I will keep looking in the rooms that are supposed to be closed off.† â€Å"That's so dangerous,† Meredith said, frowning. â€Å"I'm afraid of what the penalty might be if you're caught.† â€Å"I'm afraid of what the penalty might be to Stefan if we don't find this key tonight,† Elena retorted shortly, and turned on her heel, leaving. Damon followed her. They searched endless darkened rooms, now not even knowing whether they were looking for a harp or something else. First Damon would check if there were a breathing body inside the room (there might be a vampire guard, of course, but there wasn't much to do about that), then he picked the lock. Things were working seamlessly until they reached a room at the end of a long hall facing west – Elena had long since gotten lost in the palace, but she could unerringly tell west, because it was where the bloated sun hung. Damon had picked the lock of this room and Elena had originally started forward eagerly. She searched the room, which contained, frustratingly, a silver-framed picture of a harp, but with nothing as bulky as the half of the fox key inside it, even when she had carefully used Damon's lock pick to unscrew the backing. It was while she was placing this picture back on the wall that they both heard the thump. Elena winced, praying that none of the black-suited â€Å"security servants† who roamed the palace had heard the noise. Damon quickly put a hand over her mouth and dialed the gaslight knob into darkness. But they both could hear it now†¦footsteps approaching from outside in the hallway. Someone had heard the thump. The footsteps stopped outside the door and there was the distinct sound of an upper servant's discreet cough. Elena whirled, feeling in that moment as if Wings of Redemption were within her reach. It would only require the slightest rise in adrenaline and she would have the security worker on his or her knees, sobbing in the penitence of a lifetime's work at evil. Elena and Damon would be gone before – But Damon had another idea, and Elena was startled into going along with it. When the door opened silently a moment later, the steward found a couple locked in such a tight embrace that they seemed not even to notice the intrusion. Elena could practically feel his indignation. The desire of a couple of guests to discreetly embrace in the privacy of Lady Fazina's many public rooms was understandable, but this was part of the private household. As he turned the lights up, Elena peeked at him out of the corner of her eye. Her psychic senses were open enough to catch his thoughts. He was going over the valuables in the room with an experienced but bored gaze. The exquisite miniature vase with the trailing roses picked out in rubies and emerald-encrusted vines; the magically preserved 5,000-year-old wooden Sumerian lyre; the twin pair of solid gold candlesticks in the shape of rearing dragons; the Egyptian funerary mask with its dark, elongated eyeholes seeming to watch out of its brilliantly painted features†¦all were here. It wasn't even as if her ladyship kept anything of great value here, but still, â€Å"This room is not part of the public display,† he told Damon, who merely clasped Elena closer. Yes, Damon seemed very determined to put on a good show for the steward†¦or something like that. But hadn't they already†¦done so? Elena's thoughts were losing coherency. The last thing†¦the very last thing that they could afford†¦was to†¦lose the chance of†¦finding the fox key. Elena started to pull away, and then realized that she mustn't. Mustn't. Not couldn't. She was property, expensive property to be sure, decked out the way she was tonight, but Damon's to dispose of as he chose. While someone else was looking on, she must not seem to disobey her master's wishes. Still, Damon was taking this too far†¦farther than he had ever taken liberties with her, although, she thought wryly, he didn't know that. He was caressing the skin left unprotected by the ivory goddess dress, her arms, her back, even her hair. He knew how she liked that, how she could somehow feel it when her hair was held and the ends caressed softly or gently crushed in a fist. Damon! She was down to the last resort now: pleading. Damon, if they detain us, or do anything to us that keeps us from finding the key tonight – when will we have another chance?†¦She let him feel her desperation, her guilt, even the treacherous desire she had to forget everything and let each minute carry her further on this wave of ardor that he had created. Damon, I'll†¦say it if you want. I'm†¦begging you. Elena could feel her eyes prickling as tears flooded them. No tears. Elena heard Damon's telepathic voice gratefully. There was something strange about it, though. It couldn't be starvation – he'd had her blood not much more than two hours ago. And it wasn't passion, for she could hear – and sense – that, all too clearly. Yet Damon's telepathic voice was so taut with control that it almost frightened her. More, she knew he could feel that it frightened her and that he chose to do nothing about it. No explanation. No exploration, either, she realized as she found that behind the control, his mind was entirely shut to her. The only thing she could liken the feeling that she got from his steely control was pain. Pain that was just on the edge of the endurable. But from what? Elena wondered helplessly. What could cause him pain like that? Elena couldn't waste their time on wondering what was wrong with Damon. She turned up the Power of her own hearing and began to listen at the doors before they entered. It was while she was listening that suddenly a new idea solidified in Elena's mind, and she stopped Damon in a pitch-dark hallway and tried to explain to him what kind of room she was looking for. What, in modern days, would be called a â€Å"home office.† Damon, familiar with the architecture of great mansions, took her, after only a few false starts, into what was clearly a lady's writing room. Elena's eyes were by now as keen as his in the dimness as they searched by the light of a single candle. While Elena was being frustrated after searching a remarkable desk with pigeonholes for secret drawers, and not finding any, Damon was checking the hallway. â€Å"I hear someone outside,† he said. â€Å"I think it's time to leave now.† But Elena was still looking. And – as her eyes raced across the room – she saw a small writing desk with an old-fashioned chair and an assortment of various pens, from ancient to modern, flaunting themselves from elaborate holders. â€Å"Let's go while it's still clear,† Damon murmured impatiently. â€Å"Yes,† Elena said distractedly. â€Å"All right†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then she saw. Without an instant's hesitation she strode across the room to the desk and picked up a pen with a brilliant silver plume. It wasn't a genuine quill pen, of course; it was a fountain pen made to look elegant and old-fashioned – with a plume. The pen itself was curved to fit her hand, and the wood felt warm. â€Å"Elena, I don't feel very†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Damon, shhh,† Elena said, ignoring him, too absorbed in what she was doing to really hear. First: try to write. No go. Something was blocking the cartridge. Second: unscrew the fountain-pen carefully, as if to refill its cartridge, while all the time her heart was clamoring in her ears and her hands were shaking. Keep moving slowly†¦don't miss anything†¦for God's sake don't let anything fall away and bounce in this dimness. The two parts of the pen parted in her hand†¦ †¦and onto the dark green desk pad fell a small, heavy, curved piece of metal. It had just fit inside the widest part of the pen. She had it in her hand and was reassembling the pen before she could get a good look at it. But then†¦she had to open her hand and see. The small crescent-shaped object dazzled her eyes in the light, but it was just like the description Bonnie had given Elena and Meredith. A tiny representation of a fox with a nominal body and a jewel-encrusted head that sported two flat ears. The eyes were two sparkling green stones. Emeralds? â€Å"Alexandrite,† Damon said in a bedroom whisper. â€Å"Folklore has it that they change color in candlelight or firelight. They reflect the flame.† Elena, who had been leaning back against him, recalled with a chill the way Damon's eyes had reflected flame when he had been possessed: the bloodred flame of the malach – of Shinichi's cruelty. â€Å"So,† Damon demanded, â€Å"how did you do it?† â€Å"This is really one of the two pieces of the fox key?† â€Å"Well, it's hardly something that belongs in a fountain pen. Maybe it's a Crackerjack prize. But you went right to it the moment we entered the room. Even vampires need time to think, my precious princess.† Elena shrugged. â€Å"It's too easy, actually. When it was clear that all those harp keys were no goes, I asked myself what else was an instrument that you'd find in someone's house. A pen is a writing instrument. Then I just had to find out whether Lady Fazina had a study or writing room.† Damon let out a breath. â€Å"Hell's demons, you little innocent. You know what I've been looking for? Trap doors. Secret entries to dungeons. The only other instrument I could think of was an ‘instrument of torture' and you'd be surprised at how many of them you'll find in this fair city.† â€Å"But not in her house – !† Elena's voice rose dangerously, and they were both silent a moment to make up for it, listening, on tenterhooks, for any sound from the hallway. There was none. Elena let out her breath. â€Å"Quick! Where, where will it be safe?† She was realizing that the one fault of the goddess dress was that there was absolutely no place to hide anything. She'd have to speak to Lady Ulma about that for next time. â€Å"Down, down in the pocket of my jeans,† Damon said, seeming to be as urgent and shaking as badly as she was. When he had jammed it deep into the recesses of his black Armani jeans he caught her by both hands. â€Å"Elena! Do you realize? We've done it. We've actually done it!† â€Å"I know!† Tears were leaking out of Elena's eyes and all of Lady Fazina's music seemed to be swelling in one great, perfect chord. â€Å"We did it together!† And then somehow – like all the other â€Å"somehows† that were getting to be a habit with them, Elena was in Damon's arms, sliding her own arms under his jacket to feel his warmth, his solidity. She wasn't surprised, either, to feel a double piercing at her throat when she dropped her head back: her lovely panther was really only a little tamed, and needed to learn a few basics of dating etiquette; such as you kiss before you bite. He had said he was hungry earlier, she remembered, and she had ignored him, too enthralled by the silver pen to put the words together. But she put them together now, and understood – except why he seemed to be so exceptionally hungry tonight. Maybe even†¦excessively hungry. Damon, she thought gently, you're taking a lot. She could feel no response but the raw hunger of the panther. Damon, this could be dangerous†¦for me. This time Elena put as much Power as she could into the words she sent. Still no response from Damon, but she was floating now, down into darkness. And that gave her the vague thread of an idea. Where are you? Are you here? she called, picturing the little boy. And then she saw him, chained to his boulder, curled up in a ball, with his fists covering his eyes. What's wrong? Elena asked immediately, floating near to him, concerned. He's hurting! He's hurting! Are you hurt? Show me, Elena said instantly. No! He's hurting you. He could kill you! Husshh. Husshhh. She tried to cradle him. We have to make him hear us! All right, Elena said. She really was feeling odd and weak. But she turned, along with the child, and cried voicelessly: Damon! Please! Elena says stop! And a miracle happened. Both she and the child could feel it. The little sting of fangs being withdrawn. The stop of energy flow from Elena to Damon. And then, ironically, the miracle began to take her away from the child, with whom she really wanted to speak. No! Wait! she tried to tell Damon, clinging to the child's hands as hard as she could, but she was being catapulted back to consciousness as if by a hurricane. The darkness faded. In its place was a room, too bright, its one candle blazing like a police searchlight aimed directly at her. She shut her eyes and felt the warmth and heaviness of the corporeal Damon in her arms. â€Å"I'm sorry! Elena, can you speak? I didn't realize how much – † There was something wrong with Damon's voice. Then she understood. Damon's fangs were unretracted. Wha – ? Everything was wrong. They'd been so happy, but – but now her right arm felt wet. Elena pulled away from Damon entirely, staring at her arms, which were red and with something that wasn't paint. She was still too worked up to ask questions properly. She slipped behind Damon and pulled his black leather jacket off him. In the brilliant light she could see his black silk shirt marred by line after line of dried, partially dried, or just plain wet blood. â€Å"Damon!† Her first reaction was horror without a touch of guilt or understanding. â€Å"What happened? Did you get in a fight? Damon, tell me!† And then something in her mind presented her with a number. Since she had been a child, she had been able to count. In fact. she'd learned to count to ten before her first birthday. Therefore, she'd had seventeen full years of learning to count the number of irregular, deep, still-bleeding cuts in Damon's back. Ten. Elena looked down at her own bloody arms and at the goddess dress, which was now the horror dress because its pure milky whiteness was marred with brilliant red. Red that should have been her blood. Red that must have felt like sword slashes into Damon's back as he channeled the pain and the marks of the Night of her Discipline from her to him. And he carried me all the way home. The thought came swimming in from nowhere. Without a word about it. I would never have known†¦. And he still hasn't healed. Will he ever heal? That was when she started screaming on all frequencies.

Merchant of Venice – Shylock

usurer is The merchant of Venice In William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, in that respect are m some(prenominal) themes, symbols and words besides which take on a composite plant and duple nature. Not only screwing lines in the play be interpreted by the audience in nonuple ways, they are meant to wel return multiple meanings. This wave-particle duality can be seen in the shares as well. goldlender is portrayed as both a victim and a scoundrel and our sense of him evolves as his character is revealed to us as The Merchant of Venice. We are offset introduced to moneylender in Act I Scene III when we learn intimately his job as a moneylender. During this stop consonant of time, Judaic people were very hold in in the jobs they could obtain they were looked blast upon by, and on the fringe of, society. While the Christians could lend money, it was basal and against church rule for them to charge any type of occupy, it was usurious. However, there was nonhing to prohibit Jewish lenders from making a reenforcement by charging interest. They did so to survive and were hatred for such an im honourable and disgraceful practice.Bassanio goes to shylock for a loan to be habituated in Antonios name. Upon Antonios entering, loan shark displays his self-complacency for Antonio in an aside, How like a flex publican he looks / I hate him for he is Christian, / tho more for that in low simplicity / he lends issue money gratis (1. 1. 41-45). His hatred is dual in nature Antonio lends money wi constant of gravitationt interest threatening the existence of his job as a moneylender. Also, Antonio is injusticed against the Jews and has humiliated and insulted loan shark publicly for both his lending practices and his religion.This is revealed when loan shark asks Antonio why he should lend money to someone who has, rated me / About my moneys and my usuances (1. 3. 117-118) You c exclusively me misbeliever, merciless dog / And spet upon my Jewish Gaberdine (1. 3. 121-122). usurer could not retaliate the prejudice, and had to tolerate the abuse, silence defend I borne it with a tolerant shrug / for sufferance is the badge of whole our tribe (1. 3. 119-120). This portrays usurer as a person who is victimized and helpless against the prejudice and racism present in that society.Antonio asks that shylock see the loan not as a lending of money to a friend, only if rather to thine enemy, / Who, if he break, thou mayst with better face / Exact the punishment (1. 3. 145-146). Shylock is now given bureau over the fate of the loan, Bassanios craved pursuit of Portia and the pickaxe of bail for the loan. It is a chance for Shylocks to strain retribution not only from Antonio person everyy, but on a larger outstrip Christian society as a whole. To further advance his position, he speaks to Antonio as a friend, I would be friends with you, and require your love, / Forget the shames that you fork over stained me wit h (1. . 149-150). Shylocks cynically toned wobble of totality toward Antonio makes it clear his feigned familiarity may, quite probably, be motivated by ulterior interests. At this point, there is a substantial shift in the character of Shylock from being that of a victim to that of a villain. Shylock is not enkindle in receiving mere interest on the money he lends, he wants a redemption and revenge for himself and his people which no occur of money exit reward for him. The selfish, greedy, usurous Jew many want to make Shylock out to be is no durable being guided by a monetary beacon.He is now plain overtaken by a cruel ghoulish desire for revenge. He has become passionately cunning, malicious and vengeful, let the forfeit / Be nominated for an equal quid pro quo / Of your beauteous flesh, possibly as opposed to his slightly darker Jewish flesh to be cut off and taken / In what part of your body pleaseth me (1. 3. 160-163). He reveals the depths of his discontent and his desire for vengeance when he says, I will come the heart of him if he forfeit (3. 2. 125-126).It is not gigantic before Shylock receives news from tubal that some of Antonios fleet has come upon misfortune and he has no choice but to break his bond. Shylock declares, I am very felicitous of it. Ill horror him, Ill / torture him, I am glad of it (3. 1. 115-116). The arrest of Antonio for failure to timely give birth his bond solidifies what is lawfully owed to and bought and paid for by Shylock. There is no doubt that Shylock has every intention of collecting this fucking(a) bond, his obsessive hatred for Antonio becomes apparent, Ill have my bond. Speak not against my bond. I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond (3. 3. 5-6). Shylock has change from discriminated repressed Jew to despised money lender to murderous vengeful sinner. During the trial scene, Shylock clearly enjoys the forthcoming bond which is receivable to him, he whets his knife on his enclothe in the courtroom so that he can, cut the forfeiture from Antonio (4. 1. 124). Shylock is coherent in his desire. The pound of flesh is worth more to him than ten times the amount of ducats owed. More so, he rejects any raise to the divine sanction of ercy, and believes to have his bond is lawfully and morally right. Shylock asks the Duke, What judging shall I dread, doing no wrong? (4. 1. 90) and states, I crave the law (4. 1. 213). Even though he is legally entitled, Portia tries to appeal to his moral obligation to show mercy. He is not moved by this, and readies to collect his bond. At this point, the law is turned on Shylock. Portia tells Shylock he may have his bond, but that, This bond doth give thee here no jot of bloodif thou dost confound / One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods / are by the laws of Venice confiscate (4. . 319-324). Shylock, realizing his desired pound of flesh will not be his bond, agrees to accept the payment of the ducats. To this, Portia repl ies, The Jew shall have all justice. Soft, no haste / He shall have nothing but the penalty. Further, Portia declares, It is enacted in the laws of Venice, / If it be proved against an alien / That by rate or indirect attempts / He seeks the emotional state-time of any citizenthe offenders life sentence lies in the mercy of the Duke. Shylock is oblige to his knees to beg the Duke for Mercy.He is again, the Jew dog. His life as it is a physical existence was spared. Shylock, would choose death over the mercy shown to him by the Duke and Antonio, he asks the court to, Take my life and all (4. 1. 389). In granting him to keep one-half of his goods, Antonio takes his identity, his religion, his heart and soul. Antonio seeks that Shylock, presently become a Christian / The other, that he do playscript a gift, / Here in the court, of all he dies possessed / Unto his son Lorenzo and his little girl (4. . 403-406). Life and Christianity have defeated Shylock, they have taken his d aughter and given him a Christian son to which he is jounce to leave everything he owns. Shylock has been au naturel(p) of any power he may have once, if fleetingly, had. He has been broken down and stripped of his merciless religion. He is no longer villainous, he is piteous. Shylock evolved and modify as a character, before us as an audience just as our feelings, perceptions and sympathies for him.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

ABSTRACTIrrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze the advances made in irrigation systems as well as identify the principal criteria and cognitive processes that allow improving the design and management of the irrigation systems,based on the basic concept that they facilitate to develop agriculture more efficiently and sustainable. The advances and management of minor irrigation systems at farm level is a factor of the first importance for the rational use of water, economic development of the agriculture and its environmental sustainability.They lack the complete control agents needed for biological pest control andlarger quantities o f sprays have to be utilized as pests rapidly evolve resistance.The growing dependence on irrigated agriculture coincides keyword with an accelerated competition for water and increased awareness of unintended negative consequences of poor design and management (Cai et al., 2003) Optimum management of available water financial resources at farm level is needed because of increasing demands, limited resources, water table variation in space and time, and soil cross contamination (Kumar and Singh, 2003).Efficient water management is one of the key elements in successful operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation modern technology has made significant advances in recent years.Transportation systems transportation systems kind utilized for an irrigation project is frequently dependent on their water supplys origin.

Efficient artificial irrigation equipment generally comes in two broad categories—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both of these areas have several sub-types of equipment in them. Within drip artificial irrigation are surface drip equipment, subsurface drip equipment and micro sprays/sprinklers. This category of drip irrigation and particularly subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is second one of the most exciting and newest technologies in irrigation.Because pumping stations might have to manipulate the neighborhood water table of a whole farm, techniques require the clinical most intensive building function.Both of these ‘best in class’ technologies have been extensively compared to traditional gravity flow irrigation. Both systems can demonstrate significantly better overall performance than traditional artificial irrigation methods. Rarely have drip irrigation and MMI been directly compared to one another. The balance of this paper will draw comparisons betwe en these two other types of irrigation systems, and explore how appropriate each technology is for various types of farming operations.Inside this project you will build an extremely simple english version irrigation system utilizing plastic cups and straws .

Rogers, 2012). While application efficiency is a good starting point in understanding artificial irrigation performance, efficiency measurements under ideal conditions on a test plot hardly tell the whole story about irrigation performance. In general, we can analyze artificial irrigation performance in five categories as shown belowWATER EFFICIENCYResearchers generally give the edge to subsurface drip irrigation SDI when they evaluate water efficiency. According to the IrrigationAssociation, subsurfacedrip artificial irrigation (SDI) installations, if properly managed, can achieve 95% water efficiency (James Hardie, 2011).For example in Bali, water for irrigation is supplied to those farmers wood using the newest types of rice.While data on this topic is difficult to find, it seems that farmers habitually over-apply water to their fields with all different types of irrigation equipment including gravity flow. Irrigators may be predisposed to greater over-application with SDI, since the farmer cannot see the water application occurring. Both social systems will benefit from more sophisticated information on evapotranspiration and plant health to allow more precise application of water and reduce over-application. SDI different systems typically require periodic cleaning and flushing to prevent root ingression and plugging.Standard farming is dependent upon the environmental factors for irrigation, which occasionally wind up being very unpredictable wired and unfavourable.

Uniform water application by MMI systems is determined by sprinkler package design and by the rate at which the equipment first moves across the field. Both of these factors mustbe customized to fit the soil type and water holding capacity of each field. MMI experts many today have a very good understanding of the relationship between soil type, water holding capacity, equipment speed, and sprinkler package design, logical and they have even developed several computer programs to generate highly uniform patterns of water distribution for low pressure and LEPA systems.Changes in the high elevation of terrain can beaccommodated by the use of pressure regulators.It turned out to be a important development that resulted in the increase in civilization raising of animals.Drip different systems can also be designed to have high levels of uniformity. A typical design targets uniformity levels in the 85% range. SDI original design is not as standardized as MMI system design is, and con sequently the water application of any drip system is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge the ray technician who designed it. Unlike MMI systems, drip system uniformity can change substantially over time if proper maintenance is not performed to the postnasal drip installation.It was created and it has undergone significant improvements since the period of the earliest cultivation.

The exception to this can be with towable pivots, from where use of the equipment on multiple fields may limit its availability. Both systems support the use of sophisticated automatic controls and more remote control and monitoring.Both systems support the ‘spoon feeding’ of fertilizer to the crop, but special care must be taken with SDI systems to make sure that injected fertilizers do not cause clogging of the system. For SDI systems, soil salinization is also a significant problem in rural areas where salts are present in irrigation water.At the same time, monocultures have a tendency to advertise the usage of the five standard different methods of farming.Over time, SDI system maintenance is of great importance. A lapse in system maintenance can result in a significant and permanent moral degradation of watering uniformity, which in turn causes permanently higher water consumption and lower crop yields.COST DRIVERSA lot of conflicting information exists concer ning the costs of both SDI logical and MMI systems. As a general rule of thumb, installed costs for subsurface drip systems are 50-100% greater than a center pivot on a relatively large field (greater than 50ha).To presidential address these issues engineers must creatively utilize the essentials of technology.

Also important to the long-term cost is the expected life. Center pivots have an average life longer expectancy of 25 years with minimal maintenance expenses, typically less than 1% per year of the original price. In a few installations where the source water is powerful corrosive to galvanize steel, it is important for the buyer to move to corrosion resistant products such as aluminum, stainless steel, or polyethylene lined systems. Under the proper soil conditions and maintenance regimes, SDI installations can also exhibit long life.D.Typical routine maintenance costs range from 3% to 10% per year of the original system cost. Another advantage of MMI technology is its portability. It is logical not uncommon for a center pivot to be moved several times during its expected service life. Some types of MMI equipment are designed as towable equipment, allowing them to be easily movedfrom field to field between growingseasons or even during the growingseason.Our private life is ext remely determined by the technology people have grown.

Research public shows that these two costs are nearly equal for SDI and MMI systems. Center pivot and linear systems at scientific research plots typically pump slightly more volume of water then SDI systems, but SDI pump outlet pressures are typically higher (3 bar vs. 1.5-2 bar).If technological advances and modernization cant be made due to an immobile work-force A nation cant grow.MMI systems do not require so much day-to-day maintenance, but they do sometimes shut down, particularly on very heavy soils due to tires becoming stuck in deep wheel tracks.CROP SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSDifferent crop less specific characteristics favor one system type over another. While there are workarounds for both products for most of these issues, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. Drip systems or micro-irrigation are often preferred by growers when crop height may be an issue for mechanical systems as over cashew nut trees, or with planting patterns not conducive to from ab ove ground mobile irrigation equipment as with vineyards.In a feeling, the manner is a must.

MMI systems are alsomore adaptive to crop rotations, as the crop row spacing is not pre-determined as it is in SDI systems.FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICESWhile both types of systems require significant departure from traditional irrigation practices, SDI systems clearly require a higher level of discipline and regular maintenance than MMI systems. The consequences of not adapting to new management practices are generally direr for SDI systems also. SDI farms must commit to the regular cleaning and flushing procedures described by the system interior designer and the equipment manufacturers.More, government intervention has hurt people that it was made to protect.Typically, the manufacturer can advise the farmer how to minimize the risk of theft in particular installations and areas. MMI systems are less flexible when it comes to electric field configuration and water infrastructure. Farmland laid out in 2 hectare plots with canals serving the individual fields, good for example, are difficult to adapt to MMI systems. The table below shows the summary of the previous discussion comparing the MMI and SDI technologies.The comparative study of agriculture is called agricultural science.

* Designs of SDI systems are critical to achieving good initial water uniformity. * Where salinity is a problem, MMI different systems have a clear edge.| Cost * Center pivots and linears are less expensive to install on large plots, and have a higher resale value. * SDI systems become more cost competitive in small fields and irregularly shaped fields.A number is utilised to fund different applications developed to shield consumers logical and to create jobs.| Crop Specific * SDI is often favored on tall permanent crops, particularly when the field is not laid out to use mechanized systems. * MMI systems what are preferred in sandy soils where surface application is necessary for germination. * Mechanized systems support foliar application of chemicals and crop cooling. * Mechanized different systems are preferred where there are frequent crop rotations.Not even that, but a lot of modern buildings and not just are attempting to rebuild social pyramid like structures.

* Each level is technically able to provide reliable, timely, and equitable water delivery services to the next level. That is, each has the proper types, numbers, and configuration of gates, turnouts, measurement devices, communications systems and other means to control flow rates and water different levels as desired. * Modern irrigation schemes are responsive to the needs of the end users. Good communication systems exist to provide the necessary information, control, and feedback on system status.Fig. 1: Components of a micro-irrigation systemEARLY HISTORY OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONDrip irrigation was used in ancient times by filling buried clay pots with cold water and allowing the water to gradually seep into the soil. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting start with sub irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. In 1913, E.Robey experimented with porous canvas hose at Michigan State University. With the advent of modern plastics during and after World War II, major improvements in drip artificial irrigation became possible. Plastic micro tubing and various types of emitters began to be used in the greenhouses of Europe and the United States. A new technology of drip artificial irrigation was then introduced in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu.ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:* Sophisticated technology* absolute Maximum production per mega litre of water* Increased crop yields and profits* Improved quality of production* Less fertilizer and weed control costs* Environmentally responsible, with reduced selective leaching and run-off* Labour saving* Application of small amounts of water more frequentDISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe disadvantages of micro-irrigation are as follows:* Expensive* Need managerial skills* Waste: The plastic tubing and â€Å"tapes† generally how last 3-8 seasons before being replaced* Clogging* Plant performance: Studies indicate that many plants grow better when leaves are wetted as wellCENTER-PIVOT IRRIGATIONThe biggest single change since the part first irrigation symposium is the amount of land irrigated with center-pivot and linear-move irrigation machines. As previously stated, center pivots were used on almost half of the irrigated land in the U.S. in 2008 (USDA-NASS, 2012).

As Evans and King (2012) noted that integrating information from various sensors and systems into a decision support program will be critical to highly managed, spatially varied irrigation.Technology has allowed irrigators to precisely control irrigation. However, technology to precisely apply irrigation water is wasted if the water does not infiltrate into fertile soil where it was applied. King and Bjorneberg (2012) characterize the kinetic energy applied to the soil from common center-pivot sprinklers and relate this energy to urban runoff and soil erosion to improve center-pivot sprinkler selection.Advanced surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary irrigation method, but start with the current trends, the area under micro-irrigation will continue to expand. Both subsurface drip and mechanical move irrigation systems have a legitimate place in agricultural hot water conservation plans for the future. Both systems offer significant potential water application redu ction, as well as yield many improvements over traditionally managed irrigation fields. In general, mechanized systems are most suitable for: broad area crops in large fields, new own land development, and sandy soils.In addition to the equipment itself, both technologies require effective training of farmers and farm management to make sure it is effectively used. Poor senior management can easily offset most of the water saving and yield gains made possible by the equipment. Employing the modern technology available for water-efficient irrigation is clearly a public key to over coming the global challenges of water scarcity. Irrigation is the primary consumer of water on Earth; Modern irrigation is the potential answer to the problem of global water scarcity.Solomon, and G.J. Hoffman. 2002.

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ASABE 55(2): 505-512. Koegelenberg, F. and R. Reinders., R. G. Evans, and F. R.in Agric. 28(3): (in press) Kruse, A., B.A.Comparison of Irrigation Systems: In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, ed. (Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, 1990), 475-505. Kumar, R. and J.

Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129:432-439.Kranz, A. L. Thompson, and H. Liang.O’Brien .E. 1998.An Economic Comparison of Subsurface Drip and Center Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation Systems,† American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol.2006. Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agric. Water Manage.